ADVANCED PRICING TECHNIQUES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ADVANCED PRICING TECHNIQUES - Assignment Example US has an absolute advantage in ______________Chemicals____________ (apparel, chemicals, both apparel and chemicals, neither apparel nor chemicals). e. China has a comparative advantage in ________ both apparel and chemicals __________________ (apparel, chemicals, both apparel and chemicals, neither apparel nor chemicals). US has a comparative advantage in __________ neither apparel nor chemicals ________________ (apparel, chemicals, both apparel and chemicals, neither apparel nor chemicals). g. Compared to the initial optimal product combinations D and S, world output of chemicals is ________smaller________ (smaller, greater) by __18___ tons of chemicals and world output of apparel is ________greater________ (smaller, greater) by __28___ 1000 units of apparel. i. Based on the actual terms of trade in previous part of this question, US can now choose four 1000 units of apparel and ___1.5___ tons of chemicals and China can now choose six tons of chemicals and ___1.5___ 1000 units of apparel. Specialization and trade between the two nations has ______decreased________ (decreased, increased) the standard of living in US and has ________Increased______ (decreased, increased) the standard of living in

M5A2 - Leadership and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M5A2 - Leadership and Ethics - Essay Example Additionally, Clarke’s roles throughout his career reflect that he had a strong tendency for management rather than as a technical person. Clarke shifted from commercial and marketing positions to the head of stores which had little relevance to his previous positions. Similarly, he later moved from Supply Chain Director to IT Director. Both positions have little in common so it could be surmised that Clarke is more of a manager than a technical person who would be restricted to one field of expertise in TESCO. Moreover, it must also be related that Clarke has been moved around the world when TESCO required solutions to grave problems so Clarke can be seen as an adept manager, especially under pressure. Clarke’s role as a leader is confirmed most after talking to his subordinates. All of the people interviewed, at TESCO, viewed Clarke as an able leader such that they looked up to his example. Moreover, Clarke can be seen as a direction setter for TESCO given that TESCO has switched gears after Clarke took over as Group Chief Executive. 2. Describe the ethical model or framework used by the person to make ethical decisions—include the positives and negatives of your chosen leader's ethical model. Clarke can be seen as using a managerial grid leadership model for taking ethical decisions. The use of the managerial grid leadership model is augmented by the situational theory of leadership where the leader evaluates a situation in order to provide the decision (McKee & Carlson, 1999). The managerial grid model provides for two major constraints that the leader must consider – labour satisfaction and productivity. In addition to these major constraints, the leader may also be considering other smaller constraints such as public image, accountability, legal implications etc. The leader utilising the managerial grid model for ethical decision making tends to evaluate the provided situation in terms of the constraints in the situation (Griff in & Ebert, 2010). The primary aim of the leader is to optimise all available constraints in respect to each other such that no singular constraint overrides any other constraint. It must be kept in mind that labour satisfaction and productivity will operate as primary constraints while other constraints play secondary and tertiary roles only. This particular model of ethical decision making is restricted to Philip Clarke, Group Chief Executive for TESCO only since other managerial grid leadership models would have personalised primary, secondary and tertiary constraints being considered. The managerial grid leadership model for ethical decision making has the distinct advantage of optimising organisational aims and objectives achievement. This takes place as the ethical decision making process optimises inputs for Theory Y under which labour satisfaction is maximised in order to maximise productivity (Griffin & Ebert, 2010). Essentially, as labour satisfaction increases, the achiev ement of organisational aims and objectives becomes easier and simpler but it remains to be seen what direction organisational aims and objectives lie in. Given the nature of economic enterprises, it is common to find productivity at the top of the organisational aims and objectives list but other secondary and tertiary factors may also be available such as safety, ethical practices, corporate social responsibility etc. (Ray,

A Critical Evaluation Of Total Quality Management Management Essay

A Critical Evaluation Of Total Quality Management Management Essay Quality has become the focus for many healthcare organisations in the world. The economic and organisational benefits such as increased customer satisfaction, improved processes and efficiency can be derived from quality management. The implementation of Quality Management strategies provides the framework for the establishment of systems; procedures and activities needed to achieve quality. The implementation of quality management in health care organisation provides an opportunity to deliver consistent, high quality and cost effective health care to customers. In its Health Sector Reform programme for Trinidad and Tobago, the Ministry of Health (MoH) identified Quality of health care services as a key issue to be addressed .The MoH strategic direction for quality was presented in their guiding document Quality 2001 A Reality which was geared in the direction of making quality a priority. The strategy was broad and aimed towards improving quality of health care services, creating a quality culture and emphasising value for money as goals for improving health care services. One of their specific key objectives was the introducing of framework for developing a Total Quality Management system at the public healthcare institutions. The decentralisation of health services and the enactment of the Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) Act No.5, 1994 represented the Governments intention to institute efficient health care systems for Trinidad and Tobago. The MoH would retain responsibility for policy, planning and regulation of health care. The formation of five (5) Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) would have responsibility for the provision of health care services and implementation of management strategies to achieve improved performance. The North Central Regional Authority (NCRHA) is one of the largest statutory bodies providing healthcare services in the country. Its remit includes three (3) major hospitals, two (2) district health facilities and fourteen (14) health centres. 1.3 Problem Definition: The public confidence in the quality of health care services delivered by the public health sector is very low. The NCRHA in recent years has been the centre of media attention due to matters allegedly related to medical negligence. The increase in adverse events and medical care complaints at its hospitals has been disturbing. According to MoH data there were at least seventeen (17) reported Adverse Events occurring at our nations hospital for the period 2004 to 2011 which resulted in patient injury, disability or death. Health care trends such as rapid advancements in public health management, shifts in customer demand for health service delivery and population health concerns have changed the national social landscape.These trends have resulted in a more informed customer accessing services therefore demanding reduced waiting time for services, improved medical care, enhanced facilities and overall quality health care from their service providers. The recent change in government in May 2010 has also brought about strategic transformation. The Governments Seven Development Pillars (Pillars 1, 6) emphasizes the bringing together of all stakeholders to ensure that public services, especially essential services like health care, are affordable, accessible and of the highest quality. These current issues have strategic implications for public health sector organisations such as the RHAs. Therefore current TQM strategies should be critically assessed and a new structured approach to the implementation of Quality Management must be proposed. Medical Care related complaints data received at the health care facilities NCRHA for the period 2008-2010: Institution 2008/09 2009/10 2010/2011 Total Arima Health Facility 53 181 148 382 Caura Hospital 142 165 124 431 Chaguanas Health Facility 74 114 181 369 Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex 711 925 1305 2941 Mt Hope Womens Hospital 148 128 106 382 Primary Care Health Center 50 30 35 115 Total 1178 1543 1899 4620 Figure 1 NCRHA Complaints Data Source: NCRHA Quality Department 1.4 Rationale: The strengthening of public confidence in the quality of health care services at NCRHA is critical to the organisations future survival. The MoH is currently in its final drafting of legislation for the Establishment of a Health Service Accreditation Bill (2009), that would provide the framework for health care quality and accountability. The Act would facilitate the institution of the Health Services Accreditation Council Trinidad and Tobago (HSACTT) which is a pre-requisite to the introduction of National Health Insurance. The MoH in its policy statements to inform legislation for the HSACTT identified that both RHAs and private hospitals must be complaint with this Act. The MoH made further recommendations in its document, that the state would not provide funding or enter into any arrangements for procurement with un-accredited health facilities. The financing of public health sector organisation is highly dependent on government funding therefore RHAs must deliver quality healthc are to access public funding and gain a competitive advantage. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has also set targets and key indicators to monitor quality of care in developing countries as part of their Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2015, examples such as the MDG (4) improved maternal healthcare and MDG (5) reduced infant mortality rates. The NCRHA has recently received negative publicity from alleged medical care negligence complaints regarding quality of maternal and infant care at their medical facilities. The MoH has mandated that a critical strategic issue for all RHAs is the improvement of maternal and infant health care; this is part of their efforts towards achieving MDGs target for Trinidad and Tobago. 1.5 Research Question: How can NCRHA use their Quality Management Strategy to deliver quality health care and gain competitive advantage? 1.6 Objectives: 1. To critically evaluate current Quality Management strategies used at the NCRHA to deliver quality health care to their customers 2. To ascertain any gaps by benchmarking current strategies against theoretical framework for TQM implementation 3. To design a framework for the implementation of a total quality management strategy for NCRHA 1.7 Aim: To synthesize a comprehensive Quality Management Strategy to enable the NCRHA to progress from a state of quality awareness to quality readiness, thus enabling NCRHA to improve quality health care and gain competitive advantage in the Public Health Sector. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Quality Management Defined: The concept of quality revolves around meeting and exceeding the customer expectation. The customers needs are ever changing and the demand for high quality requires a systems approach towards improved quality. The idea of quality management is not derived from one single source but is a collection of ideas that has been called by various names. According to lynch (2003) Total Quality Management (TQM) can be define as the modern strategic approach to quality management. ASQ (2006) has indicated that the term TQM has lost its flavor and in recent years has been subsumed under the term Quality Management. This can be further argued by Hannagan (2002) who suggest that the approach can be recognized by either title of TQM or strategic quality management. However it can be agreed that TQM is a strategic approach to achieving quality and a sustainable competitive advantage for an organization. There have been many theorists who have contributed to the quality movement and has also has infl uenced the TQM philosophy. 2.2 TQM Theories: TQM can be described as a management philosophy, characterized by a common set of principles, practices and techniques Dean Bowen (1994) however it tends to be examined by numerous authors from different perspectives. The perspectives of three main founding TQM philosophers or Quality gurus would be discussed and their supporting TQM methods. It is theorised by Crosby (1979) that quality is conformance to requirements therefore one arrives at the concept of zero defects. He also focuses on organisational factors such as leadership, culture and training. Deming (1986) was considered one of the founders of TQM his philosophy can be summarised in his fourteen management principles. These would include management commitment to quality; raise quality awareness, employee empowerment and training. The underpinning theory being that quality is a process and not a program therefore it should be ongoing in the organisation. Juran (1989) focuses on quality planning, quality control and quality improvement. There can be three levels of quality management defined which are strategic quality management, operational quality and workforce that concerns its self with work process (Juran 1989). The philosophies of these quality gurus can be summarised as a management system that involves management commitment for a customer focused organisation in which all employees participates in continual improvement. The system integrates the use of strategy, culture, training and effective communication to achieve TQM. 2.3 TQM Elements: ASQ(2006) identified essential elements to TQM that organisations must define either in their core values or principles on which the organisation operates. These elements would be discussed with the purpose of understanding the key concepts that must be considered in quality management implementation. An analysis of literature provides an exhaustive list of key elements however critical components would be discussed. While TQM is viewed through different perspectives what is written about TQM is based on a common set or sub-set of key components (Harris, 1995). The fundamental assumption of TQM is planning for the design and delivery of products and services that fulfil the needs of the customers (Dean and Bowen 1994). The customer ultimately decides whether the efforts are worthwhile. According to Waldman (1995) in order to create a quality culture all members of the organisation must be involved in the quality process. The involvement of employees in the quality process is critical to its success in the organisation. The formulation of a strategic plan which encompasses the systems approach to quality management is a core component. The TQM process is supported by continual process improvement in the organisation. All key activities in the organisation should be measured so that their improvement can be demonstrated and the benefits achieved. According to ASQ(2006) in times of organisational change, effective communication plays an important role in maintaining employee morale and motivation Training and education play a critical role in the TQM organisation, Juran (1986) postulates that training is required when undertaking a quality effort in an organisation in order to teach employees how to think about quality Figure 2 Elements of TQM in the organisation 2.4 TQM Implementation Approaches: The ASQ(2006) states that there is no one solution for implementing TQM for all situations therefore organisations TQM strategies would vary since culture, management practices are unique however the key elements discussed must be present in some format also there is a suggested generic model for implementation. Generic model for implementing TQM 1 Top management learns about and decides to commit to TQM. TQM is identified as one of the organisations strategies 2 The organisation assess current culture, customer satisfaction and quality management system 3 Top management identifies core values and principles to be used and communicates them 4 A TQM master plan is developed on basis of steps 1, 2 and 3 5 The organisation identifies and prioritizes customer demands and aligns products and services to meet those demands 6 Management maps the critical processes through which the organisation meets its customers needs. 7 Management oversees the formation of teams for process improvement efforts 8 The momentum of the TQM effort is managed by the steering committee 9 Managers contribute individually to effort through hoshin planning, training, coaching, or other methods. 10 Daily process management and standardisation take place 11 Progress is evaluated and the plan revisited as needed 12 Constant employee awareness and feedback on status are provided and a reward/recognition process is established Figure 3 Model for implementing TQM The review of literature on TQM revealed that an attempt towards TQM will not succeed unless the discussed elements are applied and maintained in the TQM strategy. There is extensive literature that provides an understanding of the ideal TQM program however more research is needed to determine how all its factors fit together to form a theory that provides a maximum understanding of what TQM really is (Waldrnan 1993). This is further supported by Powell (1995) that although TQM became part of business theory, its role as a strategic resource seems to have remained virtually unexamined in strategic management. 2.5 TQM in Healthcare: The issue of quality has become even more pressing for healthcare organisations. In a time of economic slowdown and financial constraints by government, the NCRHA is now faced with budget cuts and increased workload for human resources. There is a growing demand for quality in health care and for mechanisms such as quality management strategies and accreditation programs to maintain quality health services. The direct implications of poor quality in healthcare such as medication errors, increased infection rates and deaths are severe. According to Segonin (2005) developing countries are adapting quality management and accreditation standards in healthcare in order to work towards standardising healthcare services and to ensure high quality of healthcare for citizens. Vretveit (2001) suggest that some countries are conducting programs that consist of quality strategies and accreditation however little research is available to show evidence of efficacy. The available research on TQM im plementation in public healthcare systems in developing countries is sparse and provides anecdotal information. 2.7 TQM Healthcare Best Practices: The implementation of TQM in healthcare organisations is important for improving quality of clinical care to patients but also to satisfy accreditation requirements. Mayer et.al (1994) suggests benchmarking is the practice of regularly comparing oneself to other performing similar activities for continuously quality improvement (CQI). It is postulated by Campbell (1994) that until recently benchmarking has scarcely been used in the clinical setting primarily because of a limited knowledge of TQM methods and lack of support for initiatives. Underwood (1994) refers to a case study of Lloyd Noland Hospital continuous quality improvement initiatives in clinical management of pneumonia patients using benchmarking process with a TQM approach in an effort to achieve improved outcomes for pneumonia patients. The hospital formulated a cross functional team in order to successfully benchmark and develop a total patient care process. The team utilised quality tools such as brain storming, flowcharting clinical pathways, monitoring and documentation. The teams findings on the quality improvement process were clinical benchmarking is a TQM tool that attempts to improve patient outcomes which is a data driven TQM/CQI practice in healthcare that is current and a future reality. 2.8 Summary Based on the literature reviewed conducted thus far the researcher would attempt to critically assess the TQM practices at the NCRHA using the above theoretically implementation framework. The findings of this analysis would be synthesised and gaps would be identified. This data would assist in a design of a strategy for TQM implementation at the NCRHA. This study would provide fresh insights in the areas of total quality management in public health sector organisations in developing countries. 3.0 Research Design 3.1 Research Paradigm: Epistemology is concerned with what constitutes acceptable knowledge and the nature of knowledge itself (Saunders, 2009). In contrast ontology can be define as being concerned with the nature of reality and the assumptions the researcher have about the way the world operates and a commitment to a particular view (Saunder,2009). This study would be based on subjectivism epistemological or interpretative stance in that the researcher would be eliciting the views and opinions of senior management, operational managers, medical staff and support staff in the organisation. The researcher would adopt a phenomenological paradigm since it would require understanding the point of view of the research subjects.Considering the relatively new development of TQM research, in Trinidad and Tobago public health care as well as the applicability of private sector research, an inductive approach was chosen. According to Saunders (2009) inductive approach is particularly concerned with the context in w hich the event takes place. A qualitative approach would be followed since a case study research design would be adopted this is supported by Yin (1989) who advocates that variables under study cannot be manipulated but somewhat observed and data extrapolated from them. 3.2 Research Methodology: The exploratory approach was found to be most suitable for this study given the lack of research regarding TQM implementation in the public health care sector (Eisenhardt, 1989b). The utilization of a case study strategy is proposed to evaluate the TQM practices of NCRHA. The NCRHA constitutes three (3) tertiary hospitals, two district health facilities and fourteen (14) health centres, this research would be examining the sub-units within the organisation and an embedded case study would be constructed. This approach would give the researcher an opportunity to study and evaluate a phenomenon that few have considered. The design described would provide the advantage for real life issues to be brought to the forefront. The NCRHA was chosen for the case study since there are current TQM strategies implemented in the organisation. Once the organisations ethic committee gives approval for the research and the Quality Department Manager is informed a letter of request would be forwarded r equesting facilitation by the various health facilities Quality Coordinators (QC). The researcher would use a triangulation method since different data collection techniques would be used in this study to ensure the data telling what is being said. The combination of interviews, focus groups, archival documentation and observations techniques would be utilised by the researcher. There would be interviews conducted with senior managers and hospital administrator focused on TQM leadership and current status of initiatives. Documentation would be reviewed such as accreditation plans, quality plans and vision, mission of the company. Since TQM must have employee involvement a focus group would be administered to gauge employees awareness and observation would be conducted outside of these activities. Due to time constraints for this study a cross sectional studies would be conducted over a stipulated period time. Saunders (2009) postulates that cross sectional studies may be used in qua litative methods since many case studies data techniques such as interviews are conducted over a short period of time. 3.3 Research Technique/Method: 3.3.1 Data Collection: 3.3.2 Primary Data Sources: Interviews: The data source of this research would include semi-structured interviews with hospitals administrators and senior executive team. This approach was taken to allow the researcher an opportunity to explore necessary issues without inhibiting the interviewee to volunteer important information. Data would be collected on areas such as organisation leadership, culture and quality management systems for qualitative analysis. Documentation: Documentation would be reviewed from to verify involvement in TQM process. This would include accreditation plan, quality plans, vision and mission. Finally material substantiating a TQM initiative would be reviewed. These documentations would be sourced from quality department and CEOs office. Observations: There would be researcher observations conducted to find evidence of TQM such as posters, banners and customer service interactions. This would serve to corroborate the interview and documentation findings. Focus Groups: The researcher would conduct employee focus groups to obtain views on TQM implementation activities in the organisation since employee involvement and awareness is critical to its success. These groups would be interviewer-led structure and kept to 6-8 persons to allow for moderator /researcher control to maintain focus. This technique would be conducted several times with similar participants to establish trend and patterns for data collection and analysis. 3.3.3 Secondary Data Sources: The literature review for this research proposal thus far used several secondary data sources. This data was assessed for authority and reputation of the source. The review of written materials from industry experts or gurus, journals, organisations records and government publications would be accessed and referenced as part of this study. This approach would allow for more time for analysis and interpretation of data. 3.3.4 Sample size and sampling method: Since a case study approach was taken the use of non-probability sampling would be applied by the researcher so that sample selection can be made based on subjective judgement. This view is supported by Saunders(2009) that within business research such as case study this may either be not possible or appropriate for answering the research question. The use of purposive sampling technique would enable the researcher to use judgement in selecting cases that would enable the research question and objectives to be answered. According to Saunders (2009) is form of sample is often used in case study research and when a selection of cases would particularly informative. It is also further suggested for a general study a suitable sample size of between 25 to interviews are undertaken (Creswell 2007). 3.3.5 Data Analysis: A qualitative analysis on this data would be conducted, this would require the condensing, categorising and also restructuring as narrative to support for significant analysis to be derived. The interviews with respondents would be audio recorded and reproduced via word processing. It would also be noted during transcribing the tone and non-verbal communication of the participants. A process of data sampling would be used to reduce time for audio transcribing since this would allow for the researcher to list sections pertinent to the study. The interviews conducted would be saved in separate word documents and filename maintained for confidentiality. The recommendation by Silverman (2007) on list of useful transcription symbols would be used for this study. The precise work format for NVivo software would be utilised to ensure accurate analysis can be conducted. 3.3.6 Qualitative Analysis: Analytical induction approach was adopted since it would allow for an intensive explanation of the case study so as to empirically establish the causes of a specific phenomenon (Saunders2009). This would be most appropriate since the researcher case study sampling took a purposive approach which would allow for the phenomena to be explored. The use of thematic analysis would be utilised to identify data that relate to classified patterns these would be catalogued into sub-themes for emerging patterns. This would lead to building a compelling argument derived from the literature reviewed. 3.3.7 Ethics: Research ethics is the defined as a question of how we formulate and clarify our research area, design, gain access to data and write up our research findings in a moral and responsible way (Saunder2009). The researcher proposes the following ethical issues during this study. The researcher would have to submit a research proposal for approval from the NCRHA ethics committee before this study can be conducted. Informed consent would be solicited from participant for possible privacy and confidentiality issues Participants would be informed of its voluntary nature and the right to withdraw from the process. The data generated during this study would have transcript symbols to maintain confidentiality The researcher would be cognisant of the ethical concerns with regards to qualitative research since objectivity must be observed during analysis so the data is not misrepresented. 3.3.8 Reliability and Validation: Validity in research must be considered when conducting a case study research since it is concerned with whether findings are really what they appear. The researcher must be careful of generalisabilty particular when the case study is conducted in one organisation (Saunders2009). The research design for this study incorporated triangulation so that different data techniques can be used within one study which allows for cross verification. The researcher would also consult peer consultation prior to final draft of the report. According to Yin(2003) construct validity is especially problematic in case study research and it can be a source of criticism due to its subjectivity it is further recommended the use of case study protocol to achieve reliability. The researcher prior to data collection would develop a case study protocol that includes more than one survey instrument and procedure to be followed in using the instrument. 3.3.9 Limitations to Methodology: The researcher may not provide a representative population for the case study. This research methodology can be time consuming and costly There is a potential for researcher bias during the study The study in also reliant on subject participation in the research data collection 3.3.10 Resources Required: This study would require a number of resources such an audio recording device for interviews, purchase if NVivo software, internet and computer capabilities to complete this report. There would be a need to access secondary data such as journals, written text and peer view materials for further literature review. 4.0 Plan The research study would require an ongoing literature review and write-up as the study progress. The research proposal would require ethics approval from the organisation and university ethics committee this would be key milestone in this project. The appointment of dissertation supervisor and the gathering of resources for this research should be completed. The planning of interviews, focus groups, documentation reviews have some schedule over lap since meeting with senior managers would require some coordination. Due to the time consuming process involved in qualitative analysis the researcher would plan to conduct most interviews with-in a 4 weeks time frame The collation of data would be concurrent since interviews would be transcribed after being conducted. The data analysis would be key milestone in the project since critical analysis would be required for this study. The researcher would aim for a completed draft six weeks before submission to allow for editing and additional research work. This would allow supervisor review and approval prior to submission. Please attached Gnatt chart of activities and timescales. 5.0 References American Society for Quality, 2006 the Certified Manager of Quality /Organizational Excellence Hand Book. 3rd Ed. Russell T. Westcott Crobsy, P.B. (1979). Quality is free. New York: Mc Graw Hill Creswell, J. (2007) Qualitative injury and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: sage Dean, James and David Bowen (1994). Management Theory and Total Quality: Improving Research and Practice through Theory Development. Academy of Management Review, (19:30) 392-418 Deming, E. W. (1986). Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, MA, MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989b). Building theories from case study research. Academy of management Review, 14, 532-550 Hannagan, T., 2002 Management Concepts and Practices. 3rd Ed. FT Prentice Hall Harris, C.R. (1995). The Evolution of the Quality Management: An Overview of the TQM Literature. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, (12:2), 95-105 Juran, J. M. (1989). Juran on Leadership for Quality: An Executive handbook. New York: The Free Press Lynch, R., 2003 Corporate Strategy. 3rd Ed. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Ministry of Health, Quality 2001 A Reality, A strategy for implementing and monitoring a continuous Quality Improvement Programme for the Health Sector in Trinidad and Tobago, Original Draft-May, 1997, Ratified by HSQC- March 1998, Ministry of Health Government Printer 1999 Ministry of Health, Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) Act No.5 1994, Ministry of Health, Government Printer Ministry of Health 3rd Draft Adverse Events Policy and Guidelines, Directorate of Quality Management, January 2011 Ministry of Health March 2009, White Paper for the establishment of the Health Services Accreditation Council of Trinidad and Tobago Saunders, M., (2009) Research methods for business students. 5th Ed., FT Prentice Hall Segouin, C. (2005). Globalization in Health Care: Is International Standardization of Quality a Step Towards Outsourcing. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 17 (4), 277-279.Shin, Y.S. (1995). Hospital Accreditation A Universal Perspective. World Hospitals,.31 (1), 22-28 Silverman, D. 92007) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Qualitative Research. London: Sage The Peoples Partnership Governments Seven Development Pillars (Pillars 1, 6), 2010 Prosperity for all manifesto of the PP for United People to achieve sustainable development for Trinidad and Tobago Waldman, D. A. (1993). A theoretical consideration of the leadership and total quality management. Leadership Quarterly, 4, 65-79 Yin, R. (1989). Case study research. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Publications Yin, R.K. (2003) Case study Research: Design and Methods 3rd

Creating Biofuels from Waste Essay -- Energy Fuel Environment

Biofuels from Waste Purpose Biofuels mark a great step into today’s efforts to slow down global warming. However, when food sources, such as corn and soy are used as derivatives for ethanol, the impact is far worse than using fossil fuels. Biofuels require more energy to do artificial refinery, cultivating, and collecting; whereas, fossil fuels already meet all the prerequisites through millions of years in the earth, and thus use less energy. On the social justice stance, the poor suffer through the sky-rocketed food prices because farmers are using their food to supply the ethanol demand. As technology becomes more efficient, society can rely on a source of energy that deters global warming, uses less energy to process, and betters the world economy. Question Which specific cellulase from fungi breaks down bleached paper waste efficiently? Why? Bleached paper is solely composed of cellulose (20-25%) which it makes it an ideal source for fuel because its lack in lignin makes it more efficient in the refinery process. Fungi serve as vital decomposers in the natural world. By channeling this idea to break down paper waste into sugars, the possibilities are endless. Terms to know †¢ Cellulase are enzymes that break down cellulose. Fungi and bacteria have special enzymes that are designed to decompose material. †¢ His-tag is a tag that helps the identification process by attaching to a protein. A His-tag is a small tag that aids the purification process by binding with a nickel NTA matrix. Materials -Agar plates -Sterile q-tips -Yeast -Incubator -Bleached paper waste -Fungi -PCR -Primers -Blue dye -Plasmid: pTrcHis-Topo -Wash buffer -Elution buffer -LB broth -E.Coli competent cells -Ice -Water -Filter .. ...15 July 2008. Biofuels: for Transport. United Kingdom: German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 2007. Feldstein, Paul. "PCR." COSMOS. Hutchinson Hall, Davis. 10 July 2008. Lindsay, LeAnn. â€Å"Cellulase Assay.† COSMOS. Hutchinson Hall, Davis. 30 July 2008. Nag, Ahindra. Biofuels Refining and Performance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Pyles, Denver. Use of Biodiesel-Derived Crude Glycerol for the Production of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by the Microalga Schizochytrium Limacinum. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blackburg, 2008. 13 July 2008 . Sticklen, Mariam B. "Plant Genetic Engineering for Biofuel Production: Towards Affordable Cellulosic Ethanol." Nature Reviews: Genetic(2008). BIOSIS Previews. 15 July 2008.

Child Care Observation

Child Care Observation I observed children at ABC Child Development Center in the 3 year old classroom on March 1, 2010 from 8am until 11am. The classroom had a very diverse composition in the classroom, Hispanic, African American, Caucasian, Native American, and Asian (Vietnamese). In addition to diversity the ABC child development focus on maintaining a child centered environment that allows children to learn at their own pace. The classroom had 2 teachers and 24 children in attendance during the observation. The classroom has blue walls and displays of the children’s artwork around the room for Saint Patrick's Day and also spring.The classroom had 8 centers for learning and activities. The centers were arranged at the children’s eye level and lower to ensure easy access. The centers included art, science and sensory, music, blocks, dramatic play area, library, quiet zone, and a safe place center. The class started with breakfast which included, toast, bacon, fruit, a nd milk. During breakfast all of the children were allowed to pour their own milk and serve themselves one scoop of fruit. As the children were eating they talked among themselves about how their mommy would come back at the end of the day.The girls began arguing about whose mother would return, they shouted at one another, â€Å"No my mommy is coming back! † the other child replied, â€Å"No my mommy is coming back not yours! † The teacher ended the argument, but as the debate about which mother would return ended, the boys began using pretend guns with their toast. Three of the boys had chewed their toast into the shape of guns and again the teacher had to redirect the boys because the child care center does not allow children participate in any violent activities.As the teacher redirected the boys, they all stated, â€Å"we are not making pow pows†. After breakfast the children began their morning hygiene routine of going to the restroom, washing hands, and b rushing teeth. The boys went to the restroom first and finished within a few minutes. The girls took longer in the restroom than the boys, because many of the girls were talking to one another while they were in the restroom. While the girls were in the restroom many of them were talking about their dogs. One girl stated the she was going to bring her dog â€Å"Peetie Joe† to her ABC school for show and share.Another student said,† Oooh ma ma ma, you can’t bring Peetie Joe to my ABC school and I am going to tell†. As hygiene time ended the class sat around a rectangle carpet to begin circle time. Circle time lasted 20 minutes and consisted of 2 songs (Ram Sam Sam and 5 Little Monkey’s), a flannel board story (Brown Bear), and pretend play (hunters in the forest). After the circle time children were allowed to choose a center activity. Many of the children went to the dramatic play area that included a kitchen, a dress up area, and a construction tabl e.The kitchen had a sink, refrigerator, stove, table, and many plastic foods. Five children were in the kitchen making lunch for the day. One of the students took a baby to the kitchen table and the students began telling the baby to make a happy plate so she can have treasure box. One of the students began to pat the baby on the head as he told the baby doll, â€Å"Eat all your food so you can be strong, okay. † The children in the dress up area were wearing fireman uniforms that consisted of red fire hats, jackets, and pants. The girls and boys in the area pretended to stop a fire.The children made pretend fire hoses with their hands and sprayed the walls which were the buildings that were on fire. The remainder of the children went to the art area that consisted on two cafeteria style tables and benches that would seat 30 children. One table had green paint, gold sequins, and clovers. The children were supposed to paint the clovers greens and place sequins on the clovers. All of the children at the table completed their projects very quickly, one student started painting on another student’s face which angered the student.Another student remained at the table longer because he appeared to be extremely focused on the placement of the sequins. After he completed his project he showed the teachers. He placed all of the gold sequins around the edges of the clovers which formed into a border. He placed sequins in the middle of the clover that also formed a circle. Many of the children left the paint to make shapes with the play dough, but 3 students went to the library area to read books. Two of the girls took babies with them and read stories to their babies while the boy student read alone to himself various books for about 45 minutes.The girls would change seats and move the dolls around as well as change books, but the little boy seated in the library was not distracted by any of their activities. The class observed was in Piaget’s Per-o perational Stage of Development. Preoperational stage begins at age 2 and lasts until age 7. During this stage children apply new knowledge of language, use symbols to represent objects, and also personifies objects, and change in physical appearance. During the observation the children appeared to have reached the developmental milestones for a 3 year old.Physically many of the children were about 39 to 46 inches in height (Papalia, Olds, Feldman 2007 page 251). Most of the children in the class appeared to have lost their â€Å"baby fat† (Venice Kichura 2009) because they were slender in appearance, but two of the girls in the class were much taller than 46 inches. The two girls appeared to be 50 to 55 inches in height (the girls appeared be the size of a 6 year old, but they were slender, not obese). Physiologically the children did not appear to have any developmental delays, most the children were able to use large and fine motor skills without any difficulty.The childre n could mold the play dough into various shapes, use scissors, and glue. During the pretend play the children were able to complete the various range of movements that included squatting low on the ground to pull their bow and arrows and jumping to miss the frogs. Handedness appeared to be prevalent in most of the children during the observation. Most of the children were using their right hands during the art, but here was one student that used her left hand during the painting of the clovers. Many of the children displayed the cognitive characteristics of a 3 year old.During the circle time, the children sang the song Ram Sam Sam. The song allowed the children to improve their memory development through the repetitive language used in Ram Sam Sam through encoding. Encoding is the process by which information is prepared for long-term storage (Papalia, Olds, Feldman 2007 pg 278). The students were able to recall the song Ram Sam Sam from memory to sing during circle time. Ram Sam S am involved memory, but it also utilized cross lateral movements that help develop each hemisphere of the brain and corpus callosum (Schiller 1999).There were many activities that the children participated in that illustrated Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Development and also Lev Vgotsky’s theory of cognitive development that children learn best through their interactions with culture. When the three students went to the library two of the students engaged in pretend play as they read stories to their dolls. The third student engaged in parallel play, although there was other students around him playing, he focused on the book he was reading only as is if he was the only one in the room.His parallel play could also be seen a as form of egocentrism because he recognized his environment through only his point of view as he read. While the children were in the dramatic play area a child explained to the teacher that one of his peers built a fire station. The student to ld the teacher, â€Å"XYZ person builded a firehouse. † When the teacher corrected the student by using the word built, the student corrected the teacher, â€Å"No! He builded a fire station. † The statement could also be considered a form of egocentrism, but also an example if Vygotsky’s â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD).ZPD is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help (Papalia, Olds, Feldman 2007 pg 283). In addition to the views of Vygotsky and Piaget, Erik Erickson also had the theory â€Å"Initiative versus Guilt† that focused on the need to deal with conflicting feelings (Papalia, Olds, Feldman 2007 pg 300). For example, during breakfast 3 students made guns with their toast, but there was a fourth student that appeared to be interested in making a gun also with their toast.The student bit his toast almost into the shape of the gun, but looked at the teacher and discontinued forming the toast into a gun. During the observation the children did not make statements about gender roles, but the girls were in the kitchen and played with the dolls, while the boys were the only ones playing in the fireman’s clothes. The girls nurtured the baby dolls while the boys made guns with their toast. During the observation the girls appeared to understand self regulation and control, while the boys appeared to be egocentric in their actions even when dealing with the rules.The boys knew the rules regarding guns, but made the deliberate choice to make a gun with their toast. Throughout the observation most of the children demonstrated prosocial behavior, they interacted well with their peers and only required minimal redirection. Only one of the students appeared to be overtly aggressive. Whenever she was redirected she would use profanity at peers or the teachers. During one redirection she slumped to the floor, took off her shoes, and proceeded through her shoes at the teacher.Overall throughout the observation the children appeared to have self confidence and trust in their caregivers. The class did not appear to be afraid to play within the class. The children appeared to enjoy the activities planned and some of them repeated the routines during their time in the various learning centers. I enjoyed early childhood or the preoperational stage of development, but had a large amount of changes in adolescence that had lasting effects into adulthood. Physically I was smaller than most of my peers (4’11 in height) and less attractive in appearance.I weighed about 85 pounds in high during adolescence, had vision problems, and scoliosis. While some cultures are concerned with weight loss, my culture (race) during adolescence embraced weight, so I felt like an outcast at times within my own race. Despite being smaller than my peers I was very athletic. I play volleyball, basketball, ran cross county, and was a majorette in the band. I had very ad vance cognitive skills for my age. My family encouraged me to try anything at least once so attempted to learn at any opportunity provided to me.I studied Spanish, German, and Vietnamese in high school. I was enrolled in Advanced Placement courses and made honor roll throughout high school. I participated in many non-sport extracurricular activities such as teen hotline, teen suicide prevention, church, and debate club. From a psychosocial aspect I followed the rules and had many friends. I was voted most out going in high school. I had received an award from the City of Oklahoma for being the youth advocate of the year. I lobbied the City and State to re-open community centers to help curtail gang violence.I went as far as posting daily notes on the Councilman’s cars since I worked for the police department and we all shared the same parking lot I understood rules, laws, and a respect for authority. I also understood possible consequences for failing to follow the rules. In spite of following rules and having great interactions with peers, I lacked self esteem. Although I was encouraged to try many things, I never had self confidence. Like many adolescent girls I thought that boys would be able to provide me with the boost of self confidence that I desired.From adolescence until about age 33 I spent time focusing on maintaining relationship with the opposite sex instead of my own personal growth. My mantra was â€Å"All I want is a good boyfriend†. I gave up attending Georgetown, I turned down many great employment opportunities, and even remained in an unhealthy relationship because I thought my boyfriend would give me the self confidence that I was missing. I believe that if more self confidence was instilled in me during adolescent and my family would have explained how relationships genuinely work I would have developed the appropriate level of self confidence.Works Cited Diane E. Papalia, Sally Wendkos Olds, Ruth Duskin Feldman. â€Å"A Ch ild’s World; Infancy Thorough Adolescence Eleventh Edition†. Boston, McGraw Hill, 2007 Pam Schiller. â€Å"Start smart! : building brain power in the early years. † New York, Gryphon House Publication, 1999 Venice Kichura. â€Å"Physical Development of Preschoolers. † Ehow. com March 2009, Date accessed March 17, 2010. http://www. ehow. com/about_5218904_physical-development-preschoolers. html

Methodology Review

Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research study is to determine and gather information about the television viewing habits of individuals who watch game shows most of the time. This study would aim to determine what factors affect the participant’s attraction to game shows as well as the benefits and disadvantages that they gain from watching game shows. At the same time, this study would like to demonstrate whether the feelings and thoughts of respondents would lead to psychological addiction to game shows. Data Collection This study will be conducted in the researcher’s hometown, an urban city with various cultural groups and which have a wide array of economically diverse individuals. The city is small as compared to major cities but nonetheless is exposed to the different game shows, in fact around 10 game show contestants have come from this city. Most families own a TV set and most people stay home to watch the TV than to party or go out at night. The data will be collected through the use of a survey questionnaire designed by the researcher. The questionnaire will use both open ended and close ended questions as well as a Likert scale on items that asks about attitudes and feelings. The survey questionnaire will be given out to the researcher’s workplace and neighborhood. The sample of respondents will be identified through referrals and randomly approaching coworkers and neighbors. The data gathering would approximately take around 2 weeks to complete excluding the data analysis and preparation of the manuscript which would take another week. An assistant will be hired to help give out and retrieve the survey questionnaires in the researcher’s neighborhood. The assistant will be compensated based on the number of survey forms completely filled and returned. The respondents will be informed of the objectives of the research and they will be asked to voluntarily complete the survey, no compensation or reward will be given to the respondents. After the data has been collected, the researcher will then proceed to collate the data and analyze it using statistical tools. Descriptive statistics will be done on the demographic data and viewing habits of the respondents while rating scale equivalents will be identified for items that use the Likert scale. The open ended questions about the benefits and disadvantages of watching television game shows will be analyzed and discussed identifying the most common responses and contrasting it with the least common responses. It is anticipated that the researcher may encounter problems in data collection, this would include the low respondent turn-out, since respondents will be asked to totally volunteer their answers and time to the survey, not many people might be willing to do this, another issue is that since the target participants will be the coworkers of the researcher, the responses may have not been seriously given as they are busy individuals and they just comply with the researchers request. Moreover, the participants form the neighborhood of the researcher may not be able to adequately respond to the questions because it may not be culturally appropriate or difficult to understand. Preliminary Survey Form Demographic data: Age: _____ Gender: ______ Ethnicity: ______ Educational level: ______ Occupation: ______ Open ended questions: In a week, how often do you watch TV game shows? List all the game shows that you watch. What do you think makes TV game shows attractive to watch? What are the benefits that you have gained from watching TV game shows? What are the disadvantages you have experienced in watching TV game shows? Likert Scale: Please indicate your answers by using the following scale: 5 – Always 4 – Often 3 – Sometimes 2 – Rarely 1 – Never 1. When I watch TV game shows I feel excited. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 2. I am happy the most when I watch TV game shows. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 3. I am alert and awake when I watch TV game shows. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 4. I become sad when the player in the game show loses. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 5. I wish that I would become a TV game show contestant. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 6. I dream that I am a game show contestant. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 7. I feel frustrated when I am not able to watch my favorite game show. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5   

Two Film Techniques Used in essays

Two Film Techniques Used in essays The composer of the film, Witness, uses various film techniques to illustrate the contrast between the English world and the Amish way of life. Two techniques that stand out from the rest in this film are the dialogue, and the camera angles from which every scene is taken. The dialogue between the actors is an essential film technique because without it, it would be impossible for the audience to understand the films plot/theme. In this film, the dialogue is used to reveal little details about the Amish way of life, so that even some audiences who are not aware of this group of people will learn something new about the Amish. We discovered that the Amish are different in that they are very religious and they take every word of the Bible literally. We hear Rachel Lapp and Eli telling John Book to adjust to their way of life while he is living with them. We also witness the indifference displayed by the English in the scene where a group of disrespectful teenagers were harassing the Amish. We hear one of the teenagers saying Watch out, hell hit you with a bible. This clearly shows their prejudice towards the Amish. How the actors recite their lines also helps to show the difference between the English and the Amish, we would not hear Rachel or Eli or Samuel swearing or using slang words as they seem to be very proper and honest. Half-body shots are used throughout the film to allow us to generally observe how the Amish act around people from inside and outside their group. From here, we see that the Amish do not believe in violence, they will try as hard as possible to solve any arguments with a possible mutual agreement. Close up shots are used to show the expression of the Amish when they are surprised, happy, etc. These shots are usually followed by half-body shots or full-body shots to reveal what it is that cause them to have such expression o ...

Free Essays on Standardized Tests

A standardized test is a test that is consistent and controlled in its administration, scoring, and interpretation procedures. These tests are scored by comparing a student’s score on a specific test with scores made by a very large number of similar students who have taken the same test. The two major distinctions of standardized tests are aptitude tests and achievement tests. An aptitude test measures a student’s general potential to learn. An achievement test measures what a student knows in a subject area. There are five standardized test that are generally in use: California Achievement Test, Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Metropolitan Achievement Tests, and Stanford Achievement Tests. Standardized testing first began in the United States in the 1800’s. Their first use was to ensure that all students were receiving the same standard of education. Even then, there was much criticism about the tests but they quickly took hold in the United States. The tests were then being used â€Å"to sort and classify students, reflecting education’s lingering elitism, as well as educators failure to address the problems of low achievers† (Haladyna, 1998, pg 263). Today, standardized tests are still used because people believe that test scores are valid indicators of children’s learning. Standardized tests were developed to be used as an assessment tool to evaluate the knowledge and/or skills a student has in a particular subject area. Standardized tests are norm-referenced, which means that a student’s knowledge and/or skills are compared with a national sample of students of the same age or grade level. An advantage of using standardized testing is that the information given, if interpreted properly, can â€Å"illuminates a child’s strengths and weaknesses, can be helpful not only in dealing with their child’s teacher, but also in determining at-home assistance† (Popham, 1999, pg 9). ... Free Essays on Standardized Tests Free Essays on Standardized Tests In 1957 Americans watched stunned as the Soviet Union successfully launched their space craft Sputnik. The â€Å"space race† had been won by the Soviets leaving the Americans with one question, how could we have lost? The answer to this question lied in the school systems and if they were really pushing the kids to their full potential. This got educators and politicians to start thinking about changing the curriculums. It was a gradual change at first, just in the science and math programs, with arts and social studies being pushed into the background. It wasn’t until the late 1960’s and 1970’s that arts and social sciences made a comeback, at the at the expense of science and math. Over the past 20 years, the focus has swung back and forth between the math and sciences and the liberal arts. Parents today are now demanding schools the give a quality product. Standardize testing helps parents and school districts determine how well a child is doing and guide them to their highest potential. Parents and politicians look to the schools to be responsible for student learning and the schools are holding the students accountable for their learning. The schools can do this by administering standardized tests. A type of test is a norm-referenced test. This is one that evaluated a student’s progress. Before standardized testing, teachers were the ones analyzing students. This caused several problems with the teacher knowing the child and knowing their strengths and weaknesses. Teachers could work with the students who did not do well on tests and give them alternate assignments so that they could succeed. This did not accurately show how children were doing in schools because of the special attention. Standardized tests are tests with the ability to test large groups of students on the same level as kids all over. Tests are first given to a â€Å"sample† group of children and from there do test makers develop their c... Free Essays on Standardized Tests A standardized test is a test that is consistent and controlled in its administration, scoring, and interpretation procedures. These tests are scored by comparing a student’s score on a specific test with scores made by a very large number of similar students who have taken the same test. The two major distinctions of standardized tests are aptitude tests and achievement tests. An aptitude test measures a student’s general potential to learn. An achievement test measures what a student knows in a subject area. There are five standardized test that are generally in use: California Achievement Test, Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Metropolitan Achievement Tests, and Stanford Achievement Tests. Standardized testing first began in the United States in the 1800’s. Their first use was to ensure that all students were receiving the same standard of education. Even then, there was much criticism about the tests but they quickly took hold in the United States. The tests were then being used â€Å"to sort and classify students, reflecting education’s lingering elitism, as well as educators failure to address the problems of low achievers† (Haladyna, 1998, pg 263). Today, standardized tests are still used because people believe that test scores are valid indicators of children’s learning. Standardized tests were developed to be used as an assessment tool to evaluate the knowledge and/or skills a student has in a particular subject area. Standardized tests are norm-referenced, which means that a student’s knowledge and/or skills are compared with a national sample of students of the same age or grade level. An advantage of using standardized testing is that the information given, if interpreted properly, can â€Å"illuminates a child’s strengths and weaknesses, can be helpful not only in dealing with their child’s teacher, but also in determining at-home assistance† (Popham, 1999, pg 9). ...

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms In semantics, a  meronym is a word that denotes a constituent part or a member of something. For example, apple is a meronym of apple tree (sometimes written as appleapple tree). This part-to-whole relationship is called meronymy. Adjective: meronymous. Meronymy is not just a single relation but a bundle of different part-to-whole relationships. The opposite of a meronym is a holonym- the name of the whole of which the meronym is a part. Appletree is a holonym of apple (apple treeapple). The whole-to-part relationship is called holonymy. Adjective: holonymous. EtymologyFrom the Greek, part name Examples and Observations [I]n one context finger is an appropriate meronym of hand, and in other cases flesh is an appropriate meronym of hand. Finger and flesh, however, are not co-meronyms of hand, since different relational criteria (functional part versus material) are applied in each case.(M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms. Cambridge University  Press, 2003)​ Types of Meronym Relationships At one level meronyms can be divided into two types:  necessary and optional (Lyons 1977), otherwise called canonical and facilitative (Cruse, 1986). An example of a necessary meronymy is eyeface. Having an eye is a necessary condition of a well-formed face, and even if it is removed, an eye is still a face part. Optional meronymy includes examples like cushionchair- there are chairs without cushions and cushions that exist independently of chairs. (Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics, ed. by  Keith Allan. Elsevier, 2009)Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are meronyms of book. . . .Meronyms vary . . . in how necessary the part is to the whole. Some are necessary for normal examples, for example, nose as a meronym of face; others are usual but not obligatory, like collar as a meronym of shirt; still, others are optional like cellar for house.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)In many ways, meronymy is significantly more complicated than hyponymy. The Wordnet databases specify three types of meronym relationships:(Jon Orwant, Games, Diversions, and Perl Culture. OReilly Associates, 2003) Part meronym: a tire is part of a carMember meronym: a car is a member of a traffic jamSubstance (stuff) meronym: a wheel is made from rubber​ Synecdoche and Meronym/Holonymy The two commonly  acknowledged variants of synecdoche, part for the whole (and vice versa) and genus for species (and vice versa), find their correspondence in the linguistic concepts of meronymy/holonymy and hyponymy/hypernymy. A meronym denotes a word or other element that together with other elements constitutes a whole. Thus, bark, leaf, and branch are meronyms of the holonym tree. A hyponym, on the other hand, denotes a word that belongs to a subset whose elements are collectively summarized by a hypernym. Thus, tree, flower, bush are hyponyms of the hypernym plant.  A first observation to be made here  is that these two concepts describe relationships on different levels: meronymy/holonymy describes a relationship between  elements of material objects.  It is the referential object leaf  which in extralingual reality  forms a part of the whole tree. Hyponymy/hypernymy, by contrast,  refers to a relationship between concepts. Flowers and trees are jointly classif ied as plants. but in extralingual reality, there is no plant that consists of flowers and trees.  In other words, the first relationship is extralingual, the second relationship is conceptual. (Sebastian Matzner,  Rethinking Metonymy: Literary Theory and Poetic Practice From Pindar to Jakobson. Oxford University Press,  2016)

Analyse the political regime of Russia and its level of democracy by Essay

Analyse the political regime of Russia and its level of democracy by using the Varieties of democracy - Essay Example They have executed these principles through several formal institutional measures and informal procedures and practices. Based on the seven verities principles, this essay will intellectualize and empirically analyze this variety within the established democracy of Russia. Electoral Democracy is the foundation on which most of the other conceptions build; the electoral principle of democracy identified with the elite, competition and contestation. Minimal Schumpeterian or realist democracy is the idea that democracy is attained through tough competition among leader groups, which contest for approval from the electorates. Elections and parties form the core part of the procedural account of the process. In most cases, it involves an active media, civil liberties, an independent judiciary and a written constitution among others (Joshi, 2012). The populace within the country determine the individuals that govern them, or have the ability and right to vote. However, on numerous occasions, such democracies are only so by name; real political opposition may be lacking Currently, the electoral democracy of Russia is facing limited success. The judicial system is highly influenced by the elite and rich in society. The electoral process has lost potential and as a result, the elections have damaged party organizations, which is the biggest problem to attaining electoral democracy. Recent studies have proved that the ability of parties to engage the public on critical issues is faced with limited success. Recent evidence indicates that under the current structure, proximity to elections decelerates the party-building progress. Most coalitions amongst parties do not agree on economic, political and cultural issues salient to the electorate. In addition, with this election system as in the earlier systems, voters are confronted with an entirely revised political

Jet Blue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jet Blue - Essay Example Entertainment options were introduced and more travel destinations were opened to add convenience to travelers. It operates 75 flights to 7 cities in 22 states in U.S, and Puerto Rico, Mexico, Caribbean and Latin America. Their fleets consist of 127 units of Airbus and 190 units of 53 Embraer Aircrafts and the number of aircrafts is ever increasing. At present, JetBlue Airways employs 12,080 employees and is able to achieve sales growth of USD $4.1b in 2011 to USD$4.6B in 2012(Bloomberg Businessweek. 2013). It has displayed operational efficiency as it was also able to drive down administrative expenses and cost of sales from 4.88% to 4.48% that attributed for its bottom-line growth, report stated. Market data showed USD $5.98 per share whereas competitors are priced higher, for example, $49.52 for Alaska Air, its closest rival. Inasmuch as the company hires a big number of multi-levels of employees which are expected to come from different races and ideologies, cultural differences always subsist. Due to this, problems exist when cultural views are not understood. It is assumed that due to the technicality of airlines operation, there is a high context culture. This means the communicators assume a great commonality of knowledge and views so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is communicated in indirect ways.† (â€Å"Cultural differences† n.d.) For instance, management maintains a â€Å"cohesive culture and visible leadership†. At JetBlue corporate responsibility are more than just donations to charitable institutions, but by creating programs to develop the environment, the youth, and the community (JetBlue Corporate Responsibility .2013). The expertise of JetBlue’s manager contributed largely to the success of the airline company. Being a second mover, the strategy of low cost airline has been a tried and tested formula for

BUSINESS PROPOSAL FOR LEXILIAP FASHION BOUTIQUE Research Paper

BUSINESS PROPOSAL FOR LEXILIAP FASHION BOUTIQUE - Research Paper Example This proposal therefore illustrates the various economic factors that will influence the operations of Lexiliap Fashion Boutique. This report lays particular emphasis on the economic dynamics of the proposed fashion boutique by including assumptions about the elasticity of demand and the market structure in the operational environment. Revenue To begin, revenue is an important factor for the success of Lexiliap Fashion Boutique. Capozzi (2013) highlights the importance of looking at the revenue prospects of a fashion boutique by recognizing the challenges of setting up and deriving gains from one. Fashion boutiques present a challenge to owners because they should find a balance between attracting and retaining customers on one hand whereas striving to achieving or even surpassing the set revenue limits (Gerring, 2007). The fashion boutique intends to use multifaceted promotional campaign to ensure that it drives sales volumes that will surely lead to increased volumes. In particular , the boutique will have an active online presence that will make sure that many clients are targeted and are aware of the enterprise’s products (Ferguson, 2008). Market segmentation strategies will be used to ensure that promotions are custom made to target the youth, women, men and children separately. The shop will also offer competitive pricing so that customers from competing firms are attracted. Determining the Profit-Maximizing Quantity The boutique will deal with different fashion items and accessories. As such, the challenge is to constitute a viable and standard profit maximizing quantity for each of the items. Since items like jewelry and clothing may have defects especially when volume purchases are used to source for the products, the proposed structure relies on this conditionality to propose a standard quantity to be ascertained. Given a unit cost of 10 USD, each product’s price; is it a dress, pant, bangle or ring will be compared against the unit cost value. Taking into consideration that the more items are sold, the higher the revenue; the report then sets the revenue threshold at 100USD meaning ten unit items. As a result, the more valued the item in the boutique, the lower will be its profit maximizing quantity. The projected dollar value for the business is shown in Appendix 1. Profit Maximization Profit maximization is at the core of any enterprise’s operations (Mankiw, 2011). The proposed Fashion Boutique will ensure that there is value for customers on one hand, and value to the owner on the other. To be able to strike this delicate balance between satisfying the needs of the customer whilst maximizing the profits needed for business growth. The marginal cost and marginal revenue concept can be applied to illustrate the technique that will be used to ensure profit maximization. This will be done mainly in the area of stocking for some commodities. Given that fashion industry is dynamic, it is important to stock the current trends for profit maximization (Boyes & Melvin, 2011). As a result, the boutique will review fast moving products and stock them in large number to derive more gains from the sales volumes resulting from the trending items. This is in accordance with the concept that marginal revenue should always be equal to marginal cost for profit maximization (Taylor, 2006). Subsequently, the boutique will require market information on the trending products. This can be obtained from relevant agencies, the media and other

How the Draft has changed since the Vietnam War Research Paper

How the Draft has changed since the Vietnam War - Research Paper Example How the Draft has changed since the Vietnam War? Men found to have been insincere by the board for military tribunals tried various offenses with seventeen sentenced to death, three hundred and forty five to penal labor camps, and one hundred and forty two to life imprisonment. In the United States, conscription, or the draft, has been used a number of time, normally in the event of war, as well as when there is nominal peace, such as during the Cold War. The draft was discontinued in 1973 by the US government, which shifted to a military force that was all-volunteer. For this reason, mandatory draft is not in effect at the present time. The Selective Service System (SSS), however, is still in place for contingency purposes. Men aged between eighteen and twenty-five must register for quick resumption of the draft should there be a need for conscription2. However, most military and political experts do not consider conscription likely under the current conditions. The Military Draft While the United States did not initially join the Second World War, the Selective Training and Service Act (STSA) was signed by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1940. This required all American men aged, between twenty-six and thirty-five, to register for drafting into the military3. This acted as the United States’ first draft during peacetime, and it was responsible for the establishment of an independent federal agency, the SSS. Because of increasing threats from Japan and parts of Europe, President Roosevelt decided that it was prudent for the United States to train military personnel in case they had to defend the motherland. Germany had already invaded France and Poland, and it was becoming clear that Hitler was involved in persecution of European Jews, and Great Britain was his next target. In response to the distress that Great Britain was in, Roosevelt decided to sell more weapons to repel an attack by the Nazis, as well as to increase the humanitarian effort for the increasingly isolated British. On appending his s ignature to the STSA, he warned the American citizenry that America was caught in the middle of a war for her destiny with the distance and time that separated the US and Europe becoming smaller4. In his opinion, which was shared by a majority of Americans, it was not possible to remain neutral in a world of increased and rampant force. It was now up to the Americans to be prepared in the event that the war in Europe and the Asia-Pacific got to their shores The Americans were receptive of the draft after that impassioned appeal from President Roosevelt. Whatever resistance there may have been to the draft dissipated with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 19415. This event led to massive enlisting by American men and enlisting continued until 1973, both in peacetime and when the United States was involved in conflict, such as during the Korean War. Men were also drafted in order to fill the vacancies left by retiring or killed service men, which could not be filled using volunta ry conscription. In December of 1969, the United States military reinstated the lottery drawing, unused since 1942, in Washington D.C.’s Selective Service National Headquarters. This was meant to determine how men born between 1944 and 1950 would be inducted into the army. This lottery was a change from the earlier method where 366 plastic capsules with birth dates, representing the days of the year, were put in a large jar, after which they were drawn manually to assign all men born between the said years with

Developing a Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developing a Research Paper - Essay Example It is essential to not commit plagiarism in a research project, and part of doing that means keeping meticulous records of where sources are found. Not taking this step will either lead to committing academic dishonesty by failing to attribute an idea to a source, or lead to much more work as one has to re-research things one has already researched to find where the source originated. Secondly, well structured research projects tend to be more cohesive, as every bit of research relates to the topic, because the groundwork has been done beforehand to ensure that everything is on-point and focused. But most importantly, structure simply makes things easier. If one does not structure a research project correctly (having a research question, doing preliminary research, focusing and so forth) one will waste a great deal of time researching things unnecessarily, backtracking over steps already taken, and so

Celestial Seasonings Tea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Celestial Seasonings Tea - Research Paper Example specialty tea market by exceeding consumer expectations with: The best tasting, 200% natural hot and iced teas, packaged with Celestial art and philosophy, creating the most valuable tea experience† (Stone 3). The values of beauty and truth are its viewpoint in order to produce the highest quality of specialty teas through the use of the botanical products. To ensure the financial stability of Celestial Seasonings, the company decided to merge with the Hain Food Group and become The Hain Celestial Group. The Hain is a market leader of natural food products and a successful distributor of organic foods and personal care products. The company has a market capitalization of $1.05 billion with total revenue of $917.34 million. The reported revenue for this year is lesser compared to the revenue of the previous years (â€Å"Income Statement†). However, the company’s operating income as well as the position of financial statements is performing well. Also, the stock price performance for this year under the ticker symbol HAIN is increasing with a closing rate of 24.48. Celestial Seasonings is having a â€Å"50-percent market share in the herbal tea segment and 32-percent of the total specialty tea category† (â€Å"The Hain†). The Hain Celestial Group competitors in share market are General Mills Inc., Kraft Foods Inc., Nestlà © and Processed & Packaged Goods (â€Å"Competitors†). In the field of herbal tea segment, its major competitors are Lipton Tea, Bigelow Tea, Luzianne Tea, Twinings and Tetley, and all of these companies are fighting over the tea sales in America. â€Å"The Hain Food Group to Merge with Tea-Maker Celestial Seasonings.† All Business. All Business.com, 13 Mar. 2000. Web. 4 Nov. 2010.

Developing a Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developing a Research Paper - Essay Example It is essential to not commit plagiarism in a research project, and part of doing that means keeping meticulous records of where sources are found. Not taking this step will either lead to committing academic dishonesty by failing to attribute an idea to a source, or lead to much more work as one has to re-research things one has already researched to find where the source originated. Secondly, well structured research projects tend to be more cohesive, as every bit of research relates to the topic, because the groundwork has been done beforehand to ensure that everything is on-point and focused. But most importantly, structure simply makes things easier. If one does not structure a research project correctly (having a research question, doing preliminary research, focusing and so forth) one will waste a great deal of time researching things unnecessarily, backtracking over steps already taken, and so

Importance of Time in Chinese Culture Essay Example for Free

Importance of Time in Chinese Culture Essay The importance of time is always dependent on the different perspectives of people’s origin, particularly culture. â€Å"Time is one of the most important bases by which culture rests and all other activities revolve† (Riggs et al 31). Different cultures handle time differently. In the past, time was measured in daylight, darkness, or in seasons; however, nowadays, time has become more important and more complicated. Yet, no matter how complicated it has become, it always boils down to the influence of culture, just like China, one of the countries with a very rich culture. The impact of modernization in China on the changes of Chinese’ behavior is significant. However, these changes in their behavior have had a more significant impact on their values. Indeed, Chinese seem to have never given up one of their most important cultural characteristics, Guanxi, which up until now, remains as an important Chinese business element. In the advent of globalization, Chinese has kept and reinforced this unique characteristic even in the most important socio-cultural changes. Yes, China has indeed undergone substantial cultural changes; nonetheless, with regards to the thinking and dealing process, modern China remains rooted to its traditional Yin Yang approach, and this is reflected on their shrewd use of time to keep their relationship intact. Because Chinese people value relationship more than anything else, as they believe that this could lead them to success, it is logical to expect that the Chinese society concentrates on fluid/multi-focus time value. Chinese people are both famous and infamous in different negotiations for their wise use of time as their bargaining tool. Chinese are known to have adept ability to run down the clock because they prioritize their relationships with their associates or business partners first. This way, they know that the value of relationship or guanxi continues. Moreover, Chinese can afford or stand to play the waiting game, provided that there is always someone left to invest and spend for them. Cultures around the world have developed their own way of responding to time. The dimension for time orientation is based on two aspects; the relative significance the culture gives to its past, present, and future, and its way of approaching the time. China has indeed embraced globalization since the last three decades. Despite this, its stronghold to its culture is still very evident. This is because China is considered as a past-oriented culture country. Countries that fall under this category have a culture that is largely leaned towards the past; they see their future as a repetition of their past experiences. Moreover, they have high respect and regard for their collective historical experiences and their ancestors. As per David Thomas’ description of the country, China embraces its tradition and culture of ancestor worship and has strong pride of its customary and cultural persistence for over thousands of years (73). The Chinese society holds the perspective that their past is their guide on how to live their lives in the present. According to an old Chinese proverb, â€Å"Consider the past and you will know the present† (Quotations). Work Cited Riggs, James, et al. Industrial Organization and Management. Manila, Philippines: McGraw-Hill, Inc. , 1980. Lo, Vincent. Chinese Business Culture: Guanxi, An Important Chinese Business Element. 17 March 2005. 01 May 2009 http://chinese-school. netfirms. com/guanxi. html Thomas, David. Cross-Cultural Management: Essential Concepts Second Ed. California: Sage Publications. 2008. Quotations. 14 February 2008. 01 May 2009. http://www1. bbiq. jp/quotations/past. htm

King Lear Character Analysis Essay English Literature Essay

King Lear Character Analysis Essay English Literature Essay Edgar is arguably one of the plays most pitiful characters, by the end of the play he is probably the character who ends up with the most wits. Edgar proves he is adaptable to the changing situations around him by making four different persona changes throughout King Lear. He started as a simpleminded victim of Edmund, but then he changed to a poverty stricken beggar, then an ordinary peasant, then a chivalrous champion challenging Edmund, and lastly the wiser, peaceful version of Edgar. Edgar is also the religious voice in the play. In the beginning of King Lear, Edgar would be clothed in some of the nicest garments because he`s the son of the Earl of Gloucester. Edgar was oblivious to the fact that his illegitimate brother had a plan ruing to oust their father from power. When Edmund told him to run away for a short period of time because Gloucester was mad at him, the simpleminded Edgar did not think twice and listened to his brother. After learning of his death warrant issued by his father Gloucester, Edgar realizes that the only way to stay alive is to take on his first of four persona transformations. When he makes his decision to become a Bedlam Beggar, he says Poor Turlygod! Poor Tom! Thats something yet! Edgar I nothing am (2.3.20-1). Edgar realizes that if he does not change himself to Poor Tom he will not survive. Edgar is wise for doing so because Gloucester has all the guards in the country looking for him (2.3.4). As he becomes a beggar, he is stripping himself of everything, his title, his clothes, and his personality. This goes along with one of the main themes of nothing in King Lear. Edgar starts conversing with Lear, his Fool, and Kent, whom are about to enter the hovel. Lear has already stated that he thinks that Edgar is a philosopher. While Gloucester is trying to bring Lear out of the storm, But Lear tells him Ill talk a word with this same learned Theban (3.4.150). Edgar is being spoken highly of by Lear, a Learned Theban is a learned Greek or scholar. In Shakespeares days, Greeks were associated with wisdom and education, especially in Philosophy. Edgar is the religious voice and can be seen as an optimistic voice throughout King Lear. Several times, Edgar spoke of the relationship between man and god. He believes in good will triumph evil; he is also able to see above luck, and believe in a higher plan. Edgar is Gloucesters saviour in the play. Without Edgar, Gloucester would have died sooner than he did with Edgar. As a result of everything that has happened to Edgar, he becomes much wiser and is able to show his compassion. Edgar has been hopelessly optimistic throughout King Lear. Even after seeing his father blinded, Edgar is being hopeful in thinking that it is only the worst if we believe it is, and nothing gets better if it is no believe to be the worst (4.1.26-7). He has some reason, else he could not beg. I th last nights storm I such a fellow saw, Which made me think a man a worm. My son Came then into my mind, and yet my mind Was then scarce friends with him. I have heard more since (4.1.31-7). After Gloucester is physically blinded, he was finally able to comprehend that Edmund, not Edgar was the one who had betrayed him. Even though, Edgar could hear Gloucester yearning for him, Edgar did not reveal himself to Gloucester. This is possibly one of the biggest mysteries in King Lear. Edgar may not have revealed himself to Gloucester as a form of torture because he was the one that issued the death warrant. It can also be looked at in the form of Edgar blinding Gloucester However, the reason may be that it was too overwhelming for Edgar to see Gloucester (his father who has always been strong) so broken and helpless. Any Father could not possibly ask his son to lead him to a cliff so he can jump to his death, but Gloucester who is depressed and blind, asks Edgar who he thinks is just a beggar to do the task. Edgar does not refuse the task of leading his father to jump to his death; instead, he carries out a clever plan to fool his father into thinking that he survived the jump. Edgar describes to his father that they are at the top of the cliff with the waves hitting the bottom of the cliff, but they cannot be heard because Gloucesters other senses are dulling from the pain of having his eyes gouged out. Gloucester believes his son and when he goes to jump, he faints. When Gloucester comes back to his senses, Edgar has transformed himself again to a peasant to make his plan work. The Peasant Version of Edgar convinces Gloucester that some fiend convinced him to jump, not Poor Tom, so the gods pitied him and saved him (4.6.69-72). The Gloucester suicide scene as a whole showed that Edgar still cares about his Father even though he issued the death warrant. He realized if he had let Gloucester die then he would have no one left that cared about him. At the beginning of the final act, Edmund takes on yet another persona. Hes disguised in the uniform of a knight when he draws Albany aside and give him the letter that Oswald was carrying. Edgar states that he wants to challenge Edmund in a duel to the death (5.1.44). He then becomes a chivalrous champion after he wins the duel against his brother Edmund. Edgar has endured so much throughout King Lear; becoming nothing, and having to see his father die from two extremes of grief and joy. But once Edgar takes his knight helmet off, he changes for the last time. He goes back to being Edgar, but there is little to no similarities between his first and current persona. First of all, he is no longer simpleminded, the things that he has seen have made him wise. The weight of this sad time we must obey, speak what we feel, not what we ought to say. The oldest hath borne the most; we that are young shall never see so much nor live so long. (5.3.323-26). In that quote he was saying that nobody will ever go through as much as Lear did or live so long, so we have to learn from this experience (5.3.323-26). Edgar is arguably one of the play`s most wise and caring characters. Edgar is the religious voice in King Lear. He has proven that he is adaptable to the changing situations around him by taking on five different personas throughout King Lear.

college essay -- essays research papers

Accomplishments for my college years My name is NAME. I am Age and I live in WHERE YOU LIVE in fact I have lived here all my life. I am currently attending SCHOOL NAME, which has helped prepare me for my future at a college or university level. I began working with children and youth at a very early age. This began as the leader of recreation summer camps and coaching youth basketball teams, and soon led me to my current career path. When I was sixteen I was very grateful to be approached about designing and implementing a program for youth. It was an excellent experience for me, giving me knowledge and confidence. Over the years I have assisted the gym teachers in my high school and worked with the mentally challenged. They recommedned me for this program because of my athletic ...

Total Quality Management Essay -- business, TQM, productivity, perform

Before diving into the ideology of Total Quality Management, we need to have an understanding of what the term Quality means. The term quality is frequently used to signify the level of distinction of a product or service. The term ‘Quality’ in some engineering organisations may be used to specify that a piece of metal conforms to a definite physical dimension and characteristics often set down in the form of a particular ‘compact’ specification. The motion of quality development generally and total quality management in particular have become very popular in America during the past three decades. The fierce competitiveness of the global market is the force that generates this motion. As the parallel rebuff of the American economy in the late 190’s became perceptible, many U.S industries started transforming the traditional way of doing business into an organisational approach paying focus on the continuous development so as to become comp etitive. America in the 1980’s embarked on the journey for the Quality development motion journey. The prestigious Malcolm Baldridge national quality award is the most distinguished symbol of America’s quality revolution (Hiam, 1992). Actually, quality has been one the private sector’s principal concentrations for a long time. The fact still remains so today. In the early years of the quality trend, the focus on quality was on quality circles (Barra, 1983), quality control and quality assurance (Ishikawa, 1991). The top plan of many organisations in the private sector’s to improve and develop on quality, productivity and competitive position is the drive for total quality management (TQM) (Hunt, 1992). Since the 1990’s TQM has started to be extensive beyond the private sector ... .... 2. Chartered Quality Institute (2013) Total Quality Management (TQM). [Online] Available from: http://www.thecqi.org/Knowledge-Hub/Resources/Factsheets/Total-quality-management/ Accessed on 21st Oct, 2013. 3. Prof. Bagad, V. S. (2008) ‘Total Quality Management’ in Total Quality Management. India: Sharniwar peth. 4. Tolsma, Denis (2011) ‘Total Quality Management’ in Macro-organizational factors. Switzerland: Geneva. 5. Rawlins, R. A. (2008) ‘Total Quality Management’ in Total Quality Management. Indiana: Bloomington. 6. Phu, V.H. (2011) ‘Historical Evolution of TQM literature’. Total Quality Management Approach to the Information Systems Development Processes: An Empirical Study. 1,2 : 10-11 7. Inc. (2013) Total Quality Management (TQM). [Online] Available from: http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/total-quality-management-tqm.html/2 Accessed on 27th Oct, 2013.

A Closer Look into the Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was one of the many periods of history that has almost been forgotten by Western historians despite its importance and impact in Chinese history. Eventually, information regarding this rebellion had resurfaced which some historians have considered to be mythical in the sense that some historians have concentrated the information regarding the Boxer Rebellion only on certain portions that they have deemed to be beneficial to the current society of the country.In line with this, this paper aims to provide an analytical report justifying that the Boxer Rebellion, although may have begun as a political and economical uprising, most of the efforts done during the Boxer Rebellion was to prevent Western culture and tradition from tainting Chinese culture, particularly in terms of religion. This paper will also provide evidence to justify as to why many historians have considered the current image of the Boxer Rebellion to be a myth.In order to present the analysis report with regards to the Boxer Rebellion movement comprehensively, a brief overview of Chinese society during the period when the Boxer Rebellion arose should be first discussed. The Boxer Rebellion first gained attention in the year 1898 (Ch'en 290). During this time, China was currently under the governance of the Qing dynasty. Unlike the Ming dynasty before it, the Qing dynasty was not comprised of Manchus, foreigners from Manchuria who obtained governance on China as a result of conquest.The Manchus, as how the Chinese called them, were viewed as both privileged and idlers, with majority of the Manchus consuming one-third of the total revenue of the country (Purcell i-ii). It was also during this period a shift on the basis of the country's economy from land acquisition to credit acquisition. In fact, Mark Elvin, author of â€Å"The Pattern of the Chinese Past† that was published in 1973 stated that usury, which was the term given to the act of controlling economic resources, became a â€Å"a more important source of social and economic power in the countryside than ownership of land† (as cited in Wakeman, Jr.202). Apart from this, international trade and commerce that were previously banned during the Ming dynasty were re-established (Van de Van 230). Despite the shift in economic power, many members of the lower class in Chinese society still did not enjoy the independence enjoyed by the richer farmers and land owners because the practices of the moneylenders did not provide those the peasants with what they had considered to be essential to their way of life.Instead, they viewed this change in the economic power in Chinese society as a fragile and false link between the Manchu rulers and the Chinese subordinates. As such, most of the uprisings that had occurred during this period of time have been linked to peasantry revolts whose goals centered on the quest to equalize the land and resources (Wakeman Jr. 202-03). The above stated situation th e China during the period of the Boxer Rebellion may have been the reason why many have associated this movement to be another peasantry revolt against the Manchu government.This was also supported by the fact that majority of the Boxers, as how they were called, were young male peasants, and that their revolt actions included stampeding into the cities and burning down blocks of the finest stores and offices of moneylenders (Liu 102). Furthermore, there have been only limited accounts on the Boxer Rebellion movement with these limited resources depicting the members of the Boxer Revolt as being hostile (Ch'en 290). While the characteristics of the Boxers were similar to that of other peasant revolts against the Manchu government, the aims and objectives of the Boxers Revolution was nothing similar.In fact, for a brief period in time, the Manchu monarchy – headed by Empress Dowager Cixi – supported the Boxers Movement (Liu 102). This is primarily due to the aims and ob jectives of the Boxers Movement. Because of the re-opening of international trade routes, many of the Chinese began to develop as sense of Xenophobia, which is, the fear of foreign rule. As international foreign trade blossomed, foreigners began to come in not just with raw items and other commodities, but also their own beliefs, particularly Christianity (Ch'en 290-91).Unlike the Westerners, the Chinese have patronized and supported their current government despite themselves being foreigners as well. This was because when the Chinese were brought under the rule of the Manchus, it was the Manchus and not the Chinese who assimilated themselves to the culture and society of Chinese to the point that if one would compare a Manchu and a Chinese side-by-side, only subtle differences can be viewed between them (Purcell 2). This is not the case with the Westerners who have been known to subtly invade other countries through the process of â€Å"cultural imperialism.† Cultural imper ialism has been defined as the process of a foreign country to impose in a coercive manner, usually through political and economical methods, their beliefs, customs and traditions to another country, usually one that they have deemed to be more inferior than they were (Dunch 302). In the case of China, through its trade activities with European countries, has been viewed to be a country that was static, as compared to the European countries where advancements in technology was at its peak (Purcell 3).As a result, missionaries began to flock into China and began to establish schools in the Shandong province (Liu 103-04). Eventually, many of the Chinese have slowly begun to view these foreign missionaries as a threat to their cultural identity, especially after the missionaries were slowly being granted diplomatic and military support from the Qing dynasty monarchy. The Manchu monarchy increased the ranks and privileges of the foreign missionaries. One example of this was the bishop s ituated in the Shandong province was given the rank by the Empress Dowager Cixi similar to that of the Chinese governor of the province.On top of that, the monsignors and the priests situated in various parts of China were regarded to have the same political power as the Chinese prefects and magistrates. Because of the political power that was granted to the foreign missionaries, they were able to handle their missionary work in a more convenient manner. Not only could they not be touched by members of the local government within the area that they are ministering, but also they had the authority to protect those who have been converted into Christendom against any actions made by local authorities that they consider as harassment on the part of their converts (Liu 104).The members of the Boxers have viewed the actions of the Catholic missionaries as a way not just to make their mark in their culture, but also as a slow, but steady method of overthrowing their monarchy and their gov ernment and invading them. The Boxers viewed Christianity as a form of heresy and against the teachings of both Confucianism and Taoism, which are the prominent religions in China during this period (â€Å"History in Three Keys† 8). It was for this reason that the Boxers launched a propaganda movement against foreign missionaries.As far as the Boxers were concerned, their propaganda movement was justified by the literary pieces that were centered in both Confucianism and Taoism. Perhaps the most influential of these lyric pieces was a lyric poem which they have believed was composed by the god Chi-Kung, who shared it to the Boxers through the medium. The poem referred to the Chinese Christian converts as people â€Å"who have lost all their senses† and whose â€Å"aim was to engulf the whole country† and to â€Å"deceive our Emperor† (Ch'en 292).The propaganda literature distributed by the Boxers echoed the message of the poem of Chi-Kung. These literatur e included notices that they boldly advocated, such as the message that â€Å"The heresy [heresy referring to the missionaries and their converts] has no respect for either gods or Buddhas† (Ch'en 293). Based on these propaganda, it is clear that the Boxer Rebellion Movement's aim was to wipe out foreign missionaries by any means possible in order to protect their beloved emperor and his family as well as the common people of China (Ch'en 293).Sadly, the government that they were trying to protect did not share in their vision. In the end, the Qing dynasty suppressed the Boxer movement and all forms of literature associated with the movement (â€Å"History in Three Keys† 15). There were a number of reasons as to why history presented the Boxer Rebellion more as a political revolution as opposed to a movement to protect the culture, government and people of China during the 19th century.One reason for this was that, as mentioned, all documents pertaining to the Boxer Mo vement, especially those that supported the Boxer Movement were destroyed. What were left were official documents and other forms of literature that were written by those who opposed the Boxer Revolution Movement. These documents depicted the Boxers as a group of illiterate individuals who were afraid of advancement and progress (â€Å"History in Three Keys† 15).But the primary reason for the difference of the viewpoint regarding the Boxer Rebellion Movement was on the historians themselves. While it is true that majority of historians document events that had occurred in a particular area during a particular period based on facts in order to provide the readers an objective viewpoint that is as accurate as the facts and evidences may allow them to, there remains some historians who have been considered by their colleagues as â€Å"mythologizers† (â€Å"The Contested Past† 82).These kinds of historians have been described as those who have a clear understanding of the past events and have access to the same evidences and facts that are available to historians, sociologists, anthropologists and the like. The difference lies in the manner on how they utilize these facts and evidences in their writings. Instead of providing the reader an objective, play-by-play account of the events that had occurred during a particular point in time, mythologizers have been known to utilize the facts and evidences to create an account of a historical event to serve another purpose.These purposes include political reform and psychological formation of the reader (â€Å"The Contested Past 82-83). Examples of this can be found with regards to the manner on how various authors whose works have long been considered as historical accounts on the Boxer Revolution. In one account which was entitled â€Å"The Boxers' Conquest of the Westerners,† the Boxers were described as a group of individuals who were superstitious and irrational.In fact, not much attenti on was actually given to this over the more noble reason for the revolt, which was the protection and preservation of Chinese culture from the changes being imposed by foreign missionaries. As a result, this historical account presented the Chinese as a people who, in a period when everyone else were trying to advance themselves, remained superstitious by believing that gods and deities still correspond through mediums in order for the people to do their bidding as well as a country whose people remained ignorant and even barbaric (â€Å"The Contested Past† 84).Chen's Duxiu's essay is another example of mythologization of the Boxer Revolution. In his essay, he firmly addressed and justified that the Boxer Revolution was brought about by the influence of Confucianism, Taoism and other religions present in China during that period of time has led to the Boxer Uprising. Duxiu further stated that since these religions are still prevalent in China to this very day, it would not be long before another Boxer Revolution will take place (â€Å"The Contested Past† 85).While this does have some truth in it, it is also not entirely accurate because Duxiu failed to take into consideration that one of the main reasons why the Boxer Revolution erupted was because of the imminent overthrow of the current monarchy ruling China brought about by the government itself by providing political power to a certain extent to the foreign missionaries. This allowed them to be in a position to choose on whether they would follow the rulings of the local government where they were ministering.In fact, the term â€Å"Boxer† Revolution by itself may be considered to be a form of mythologization. In his article, Lu Xun had presented it as a metaphor to present the ignorance of the Chinese during the 19th century in his statement â€Å"[†¦] if the Chinese don't learn the military art of using rattan shields, how can they protect themselves against firearms[†¦]â €  (as cited in â€Å"The Contested Past† 86). To summarize, the Boxer Revolution that occurred during the Qing dynasty was brought about by a number of historical events.The first was the experience of the Chinese towards foreign invasion. Although they were currently being ruled by foreigners from Manchuria, they did not fear that this would bring about a loss of their cultural identity and heritage. This was because the foreign rulers assimilated themselves into the Chinese culture and traditions to a point wherein Manchus living in China were not that different from the Chinese. The second historical event was the re-opening of international trade routes by the Manchus during the Qing dynasty that have been closed during the Ming dynasty.While this benefited the country economically with traders bringing in rare commodities in exchange for Chinese goods, it had also paved the way for European missionaries to enter the country, bringing in Christianity into China. This event has caused many of the converts to turn their backs from local customs and traditions, hence, their own cultural identity. The third was the decision made by the Manchu government through Empress Dowager Cixi to grant the foreign missionaries some form of political power. This proved to be the biggest threat viewed by the Boxer Revolt.The decision made by the Empress Dowager has not only provided the foreign missionaries some form of leniency which would allow them to practice their faith and to convert Chinese into Christianity more freely, but it also allowed the foreign missionaries not to adhere with the local government in the various provinces where they were ministering. This is because the political power granted by the Empress to the foreign missionaries has caused them to have the same political powers as those in the local government, if not higher.Based on the evidence presented, the preconceived notion that the Boxers were predominantly made out of peasants is ina ccurate. On the contrary, the evidence have suggested that the Boxer Revolution was actually a movement that was composed largely of educated individuals and since education was a privilege that was enjoyed by the elite during this period of time, it can be assumed that the Boxer Revolution was a revolution created by the elite.This conclusion has been based on the development of the aim of the Boxer Revolution which was to wipe out the foreign missionaries in order to preserve and protect the Emperor of China and its people. They had based this on literary pieces that were usually accessible only to the elite. Among these forms of literature were the plays, poetry and teachings of Confucius and Tao.It will be highly illogical to state that the Boxers were mainly comprised of illiterate individuals since the only way for these to become the basis of the Boxers Movement is if and only if these someone who is literate, that is someone who could both read and write, would be able to no t only understand these forms of literature but would have the capacity to disseminate these information to others.Also, the preconception that the Boxer Revolution was a revolt against the Manchu government has been disproved by the information presented in this paper as well. While it may be true that the Boxer Revolution was ultimately suppressed by the Manchu government, among the objectives of the revolution movement was to protect their Emperor and Empress Dowager. They had viewed the actions of the foreign missionaries as a step closer for cultural imperialism to become rampant in the country.Cultural imperialism refers to the act of members from a foreign country to bring in their own customs, beliefs and traditions into another country and would slowly assimilate this to the citizens of that particular country, usually through some form of political force. The most common method used for cultural imperialism is through religion. This was the case in the Boxer movement.