Family systems therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family systems therapy - Essay ExampleA mental health crisis, mental disorders, relationship problems, or parent-child relationship problems exclusively bring the family into the involvement with the individuals treatment. The family may be counseled on how best to cope with a family member in crisis, or they may be a separate of the treatment. No matter what the emotional disturbance is, the family is an integral part of the interaction and must be a part of the therapy.Systemic family therapies have been developed to treat the family as a cohesive unit. Behaviors and relationships are all interdependent within a family and as such need treated within the family environment. It will do no good to treat a single family member for substance abuse if the source of the users foreboding is the family relationship. Likewise, family members need to be aware of the impact that each relationship has on all the other family members. To sight and manage the impact that the family has on m ental illness, Alfred Adler pioneered the Adlerian technique of family therapy. More novel models such as shortened therapy, and cognitive behavior techniques have all drawn from the research and writings of Adler. Because Adlers methods are at the root of many other therapies, it is important to understand the Adlerian Family Therapy. It shapes and defines the family, its relationships, the influence of the individual members, and the actions necessary to correct family problems.Alfred Adler was born in Vienna in 1870 and after receiving a medical degree turned to psychiatry in the archeozoic 1900s. He was an associate of Freud and worked with him on several projects and occasions. During this period, he developed theories which would later evolve into the more recent ideas on self-actualization (Boeree, 2006). Followers of Adler include Rogers, Horney, Fromm, and Sullivan (Boeree, 2006). Adler stressed the importance of the individual within the family and postulated several th eories on wherefore family members

How does violent game effect to children Research Paper

How does violent game effect to children - look into Paper Exampledifferent positions and confusion over the effect of motion picture games on children, it is lucid that results cant over more on the negative than on the positive. This paper seeks to address this concern and bring out the echt issues clouding video games on the limelight.Video games have been in existence now for over fifty dollar bill years. In 1952, Tic-Tac-Toe was developed by A.C. Douglas as part of a science project for his thesis, sightly the first video game to be created. Douglas used Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, and ape to construct his software, which contained 17 bits and 512 words. Still in the 1950s, William Higinbotham, a Brookhaven employee, developed an elementary game of tennis with an reach serving as its interface. At times, people refer to his game as the original version of pong, although it is not. Later, in the 1960s, Steve Russel, in 1962, developed Spacewar during his g raduate studies. He involved s of all timeal other students in his work, which later went through with(predicate) modifications and enhancements. His work squeeze innumerous students including Nolan Bushnell. In 2010, Kirsch records a video game named Spacewar, developed in 1962, in which spaceship engaged in a fierce battle to death. Although the video game design was paltry compared to contemporary games, the battling theme of the game has endured through several decades (Herman, Horwitz, Kent, & Miller, 2002).The development of the computer and television also impacted the development of video games greatly. In 1966, Ralph Baer assessed several methods he could use the television to act as a display mechanism for computer games he developed. He later developed and patented the first video game ever to use the television set as its display. Baer entered into a deal with Magnavox in1970 to create a video gaming console. At the same time, Nolan was also busy developing the first game ever to demand pay from gamers. He became successful with his Spacewar game project marking the

Outline Some of the Key Issues in Education Today Essay

sketch Some of the Key Issues in Education Today - Essay ExampleCurrently, measures of ensuring that all children acquire allow for education relevant to the prevailing conditions has become of more importance than ever before. Consequently, numerous issues have emerged in the education sector. Some of the major issues include provision of universal education to all children through polices such as Every Child Matters and educating students on global citizenship in order to improve their ability to economic consumption in a globalised world. The moderne education is faced with several challenges that undermine provision of the appropriate skills and friendship to the learners. Boyer and Hamil (2008) indentified three main challenges affecting the education sector in developed and developing world. These problems include lose of well motivated teachers, which contribute to in high spirits attrition rate, lack of adequate pargonntal involvement in learning of their children an d poor reading habits among the students in education institutions (Boyer and Hamil, 2008). These shortcomings have elicited dissimilar reactions from educational indemnity makers, resulting to formulation of policies aimed at addressing the problem. Teaching as a barter is demanding and characterised by immense responsibilities which the society places upon the teachers. In spite of the heavy responsibilities, Altshuler, (2003) notes that teachers are not adequately motivated to perform under such demanding environment, star(p) to high rate of attrition and declining interest in the craft. Various research studies have been conducted to investigate the while of service of teachers in the profession. A study conducted by Boling and Evans (2008) in United States established that forty sixer percent of teachers in the country quit the profession after less than five years. This trend is more pronounced in urban areas where about half of the entire professional workforce quit th e profession for other careers (Boling, C., and Evans, 2008). Another study by Boyer and Hamil (2008) established that over ninety percent of newly recruited teachers are hired to replace those who quit the profession because of other reasons except retirement. High teacher attrition has various adverse effects on education. Some of the effects include straining the available resources allocated for the education sector. Boyer and Hamil (2008) storied that schools spend considerable amounts of financial resources while searching and recruiting new teachers, a situation that drains their budgetary allocations considerably. Uradan, Solek, and Schoenfelder (2007) estimated that schools in United States spend about $ 7 billion annually in the process of recruiting, hiring and retaining teachers in the country. These financial resources could be invested in other important academic ventures, such as investing in modern technology and purchasing of other necessary teaching resources. Hi gh teacher turnover rate undermines the feature of education provided to the children. Bransford, et al (2009)argue that the trend denies the profession considerable skills, when well trained and experienced teachers leave the profession for other pursuits. Consequently students receive poor quality education, which ultimately undermines their future progress. Ward and Eden (2009) attributed the high rate of teacher attrition to working in a demoralising but demanding environ

Best Buy Company Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Best Buy Company - Research Paper Example commercialise study helps the play along understand business opportunities or failures. Best Buy is a multinational company that carries consumer electronic devices, appliances, mobile phones, and services. It has been successfully operating in all the states and territories of the United States since 1986 but has only started transnational operations in 2002. Today, it operates in Europe, Mexico, Canada and chinaware under different brands. The company has achieved growth thru mergers and acquisitions, particularly in its international segments. Cost of goods sold is reportedly high in these beas since it entails a lot of maintenance costs. For the gone 2 years sales and income have been declining in the international segments bit US sales are flat. Business opportunities are seen in the global atmosphere, while opportunities for domestic remain in technology and services. Competitions are taking advantage of their presence in the int ernet and continue to earn higher income and profits. Amazon and eBay for display case re online retailers that earns high income from internet sales. The declining income of BBC is an eye opener to look if its present business strategies need to be reviewed and changed. Market Report on Best Buy Company I. ... Particularly, its goal is emphasized in its strategies to outgrowth grocery store share, to attain international growth, increase efficiency and to connect to the world. 1.2 Products Best Buys stores transfer the following items Consumer electronics, home office, entertainment software, appliances, and services. Consumer electronics consist of moving-picture show and audio products, TVs, and MP3 players. Home office products include own(prenominal) computers, cell phones, cable and internet service plan. Entertainment software includes products such as video games, CDS, video games, and computer software. Technology, service and repair. Other segments that offers food a nd beverages. Source United States SEC Best Buy create 10-K Annual Report 1.3 Geographic location Company operates locally in all the states and territories of the United States, while its international scope consists of China, all of European territories, Mexico, and Canada. 1.4 Strategies Strategies that helped company grow are by acquisitions and expansion. The company was integrated in 1966 with the name Sound of Music Inc. but changed name to Best Buy in 1983. From this ascendant it has grown and expanded thru mergers and acquisitions that made an impact of its presence in electronics, entertainment and technological services in the United States. Organic growth began in 2009 when it took advantage of the bankruptcy of Circuit City to serve the market share of the electronics consumers of the industry which was left open by the bankrupt company (University of Oregon Investment crowd , Jan 8, 2011 pdf). The international segment started in 2002 through acquisition of establi shed brands in Canada. Its presence in China

Will be provide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Will be provide - Essay Examplered to the execute loop since the train loop is just pegged on the level valve just as where the stream loop also depends on both the strike and level valve.The level sensors gain was recorded at 121.28% m. rationally an increase in the level percent direct to an increase in the level as the army tank increased. The effects of the derivative, integral and proportional actions on the body were observed with the turning of the flow level trainer. It was effected through the turning that the system responded faster with a gain in the system. Involvement of the integral led to a decreased and went from slow reactions to uns give in ones. Addition of the derivative caused the higher rate to do an overshoot. adjust rules are critical part of learning how to manage a system.In this section of the experiment, familiarization with the operation of flow level trainer as well as data V system was acquired. The assign power repoint reactions and tuning parameters of the flow as well as level loop were observed. The first tuning parameters of the system are as indicated in table 2.3.1.The reaction to a set point alteration of the flow loop was examined by setting the rate of flow to 2.5 USGPM and level set point to 50 %.There was clock allowed for the system to be able to settle so that its water level and flow rates were roughly at the allocated set points. Recording was done for the positions of the level and flow valves. Thus, changes were made for the flow set point from 2.5 USGPM to 3.0 USGPM. The systems response was examined by recording the in the altogether level and flow valve positions in table 2.3.2.There was observation of the response to a set point change of the level loop by setting tank water level to 60% as well as the flow set point at 3.0 USGPM. Once again the system was given time to settle with the recording of valve and flow positions being done. Thus there was a reduction of the set point to 30% from 60% and the new flow ad valve positions were put down in table 2.3.3The

Exploring the Logic of Experimental Design Statistics Project

Exploring the Logic of Experimental figure - Statistics Project Examplebjects design is their ability to establish a relationship between a subject variable and different factors and the fact that the two designs have the same number of participants in each discussion of an experiment (Gravetter and Forzano, 2011).However, while each participant in a within subject design is subjected to only treatments in an experiment, each participant in a matched subjects design is only subjected to one treatment. Correlation in within- subjects design is done across treatments while correlation in matched- subjects design is done across groups of participants. Similarly, subjects be measured in more than one condition in a within- subjects design while measurements on participants in a matched- subjects design occurs only in one condition of an experiment (Gravetter and Forzano, 2011).An experiments purpose is to collect data and establish properties of the collected data towards conclusion on a subject. An observational design accomplishes its purpose by providing approach for conducting the experiment (Jackson, 2011).One of the advantages of experimental design is its high layer of internal validity due to randomization effect that eliminates biasness and causality. It also has a high wee validity, especially when the constructs quarter be manipulated (Smith and Mackie, 2000, p. 36). The designs major disadvantage is however in its low construct validity under ethical considerations (Smith and Mackie, 2000, p. 36).Control refers to the manipulation of an experiments dependent variable towards an pass judgment observation. Its purpose is to aide multiple group comparison between observations in experimental and controlled set ups (Jackson, 2011).A confound refers to uncontrollable factor in an experiment. Experimental design is an example of a design that can have three confounds. Some of the ways of controlling confounds are use of random sampling, use of equa l control group, and blinding of

How sports affects the culture of different countries Essay

How sports affects the finale of contrastive countries - Essay ExampleSport forms an extensive part of the culture of any country, and arouse be considered as the basis for neighborly structures within a society that in turn is based on certain intrinsic values, needs, interests, and resources of the society. A study of the different countries and a look at their sports and culture will reveal how the different depicted object cultures create and use sports for their own purposes, thus lending it a different form that vary from culture to culture, and country to country. This article will study the relationship that exists between sports and the national culture of a country, and how they affect each other. How sports affects the culture of different countries 1 Introduction Discovery of sociology can change your life. It can help you to under project the social forces you confront, the forces that constrain and free you as you go approximately living your life. This understa nding offers a liberating potential To gain insight into how these social forces influence your life allows you to stand somewhere apart from at least some of them, and thereby exert more creative bid over your life (Henslin, 1999, 1-2). 1.1 Background history Sociology entails studying the various social structures as seen in our society, make by the web like intricate relationships that an individual develops with other members of that particular society, and the functioning social institutions. In sociology, there are various ongoing series of social processes, which refer to the various interactive patterns that happen on recurring, during the transactions that take place between individuals and groups, at any given time. Within the mise en scene of social life and learning, the term culture may have multifarious implications. In 1952,Clyde Kluckhohnand Alfred Kroeberin their question papers anthologised 164 different definitions of the word culture (Kroeber, and Kluckhohn , 1952). The term culture has three basic aspects. First, culture may be viewed as an integration of various actions, knowledge and beliefs, that are based on certain metonymic thoughts and learning from different social experiences. Secondly, it may be pertaining to ones taste in the blood line of humanities or fine arts and thirdly it may also refer to a objurgate of common goals, values, attributes and practices that may distinguish a social group or an organisation or an institution. Sports sociology, go trying to establish its connections with the various cultures worldwide, generally view the theme through the third perspective. Sport sociology explores the cadence deviations that are perceived within the culture of sports as seen within a society, which helps one to analyse and espouse the integrated greater values operating within that particular society. Thus, to understand the relationship that exists between sports and the various cultural norms sight worldwide, i t is also necessary that we conduct a close study on the social framework of that country. Sport is inextricably woven into the psychology of the social fabric, as is evident from the enthusiasm that is observed during any sports mega event, like the

Todays Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Todays Justice System - Essay ExampleHowever, at that place is no denying the fact that justice also happens to be a highly subjective opinion, which is often susceptible to diverse interpretations. What may seem just to a person or a group may labored unjust or partial to m either other. In that context, it will be interesting to have a look into the concept of justice as per Confucius, Machiavelli and Lao-tzu, to facilitate a bit better understanding of the coeval justice system.The Confucian concept of justice is woven around the notion of gong, which if roughly translated means impartiality (Cleary, 2000). Hence, Confucian dogmas strongly instruct the state and the justice system to resolve and solve the social conflicts and differences without re forking to any sort or form of discrimination or partiality. According to Confucius, the everyplaceall sense of channelizeion and moral wellness of any society depends on the extent to which virtue and uprightness manage to perme ate the social, commercial and face-to-face spheres of life (Cleary, 2000). Therefore, the people only tend to develop a strong affinity with propriety if there prevails a sense of justice in any society. ... Therefore, the people only tend to develop a strong affinity with propriety if there prevails a sense of justice in any society. It is silent that justice to Confucius meant absolute uprightness and total absence of any sort of favoritism. Thus, in the given context, the fair and equitable distribution and allocation of national resources and opportunities of growth constitute an integral part of the Confucian concept of justice (Cleary, 2000). Confucius favored a concept of justice that distinctly favored the marginalized and weaker sections of the society and ensured their well organism and safety. Contrary to Confucius, the Machiavellian concept of justice is blatantly opportunistic. Machiavelli holds that the means are always subservient to the ends (Machiavelli, 1984). Thus, the direct premise of this line of reasoning is that the state or the political permission can resort to any line of action while dispensing justice, provide the delivered verdict or conclusion aid and abets the political authority in achieving its coveted and vested aims and objectives (Machiavelli, 1984). Therefore, according to the Machiavellian notion of justice, justice does not happen to be a means to disseminate a sense of fairness in the society, but a tool to advance the interests of those in power. Justice merely dwindles to being a convenient tool rather then being an exalted institution and a reliable pillar of social stability. To Machiavelli, virtue and fairness meant any affaire that furthered the narrow interests of the state (Machiavelli, 1984). In the Machiavellian concept of justice, preservation and protection of the realm takes preponderance over everything else.Lao-Tzus concept

Kandinsky's and Severini's Paintings Comparison Essay

Kandinskys and Severinis Paintings Comparison - Essay ExampleThe essay Kandinskys and Severinis Paintings Comparison compares two paintings - Picture with an Archer by Vasily Kandinsky and Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin by Gino Severini. Picture with an Archer, 1909 constitutes a vibrant depiction that presents a patchwork surface. such dematerialization of true forms is vividly depicted in the painting. On the other hand Severinis Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin, 1912 waterfall into an art movement in which artists were concerned with portraying the motion sensation. They were motivated by innovative techniques of picture taking as well as other types of new technologies along with transportation. They selected dynamic and dynamic themes such as the train station hubbub as well as nightclub energy. Before the advent of advanced photography, the movement of humans and animals could be studied only through observation for an action as it occurred in advance people . This article investigates these two paintings based on the way they are depicted, the technique used to portray them and their fantastic features. The depiction constitutes a mix of nostalgia, promise, and excitement and evokes an intimate environment of a dream. During the year of the painting, the artist was residing in Germany and was far from his home Russia. However, in the presence of the vivid pictures color energy offers some promise and excitement. The background knowledge of the scene is an abstract landscape consisting of multi-hued trees and mountain that have a little house along.

The Significance of Wilson v UK [2002] IRLR 568 Essay

The Significance of Wilson v UK 2002 IRLR 568 - Essay ExampleRespecting the ripe of association implies that governments need to ensure that its individual members of the public freely come together to express, defend and quest by and by unified goals and interest (Gross & Compa, 2009.p124) As such public authorities are refrained from interfering with individuals right to assemble and associate. It is noteworthy that freedom of association goes beyond coming together for a ordinary good taking into consideration that it also recognized joining associations aimed at attaining a specified goal. liberty of association is recognized both locally and internationally in the context of industrial relation. Employees have been minded(p) the freedom to assemble and associate for common interest in respect to the terms and causation of employment. This essence that workers have the right to join art junctures and collectively bargain. According to Novitz (2002. P 176) this right is recognized by two vital conventions C 87 and C98 of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This means that any military action or inaction by the employer aimed at discouraging employees from joining trade conjunctions is tantamount to infringement of the emancipation of association and as such is illegal. ... This claim can be justified by the enactment of the Ullswater amendment. This formula was put in place by the Conservative government to limit operations of trade union activities Barnard, Deakin, & Morris, 2004. P150). Regulation of industrial relation by the UK government can be considered a breach on the ILO standards and ECHR conventions in three perspectives. First the regulations does not make necessary provisions for rights to participate in industrial action, secondly it does not protect organizers and participants in collective bargaining( Hepple 2005.p23) Finally the regulations places unreasonable constrains on the autonomy of trade unions, which is catego rically granted to individual employees under Article 11 and 3 of the ECHR and ILO No.87 respectively. The case Wilson v fall in Kingdom case, which would later bring about far reaching consequences on the British labour laws after several year of court battle involved discrimination of an employee because of his stand on trade union (English, 2011). Dave Wilson was an employee of an Associated Newspaper at the Daily Mail. Wilson was denied 4.5% salary increase because he refused to denounce membership of National fraternity of Journalists (NUJ) (Thompsons Solicitors, 2012). The condition for pay hike was that the entire team of journalists had to give up their right to the terms and condition put in place by the collective bargain. The aim of the management was to discourage participation industrial action. Wilson refused to sign the contract offered by his employer whereby he ended up losing on the pay incentive. Wilson through his lawyer later filed an application by the courts protesting action of his employer. Significance of the ECHR ruling It is no

Vincent van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vincent cutting edge Gogh - Essay ExampleIn 1879, he started working(a) in a Belgium-based mining company as a missionary. He sketched the local people in Belgium. Goghs produced his first major work in the year 1885, named The Potato Eaters. It primarily contained olive-drab earth tones and lacked the use of vivid coloration which was the distinguishing feature of his later artwork. Gogh discovered the French Impressionists when he moved to Paris in the year 1886. When he moved to Southern France, Gogh gained inspiration from the tight sunlight in the region. He brightened his work with the use of intense colors, and thus developed a erratic style of art that gained him immense recognition and praise in Arles in the year 1888.Gogh make most of the best-known pieces of art in the last two years before death. In to the highest degree a decade from the start of paintings till his death, Gogh made above 2100 paintings, which included over 1300 watercolor artworks, prints, drawing s, and sketches, and almost 860 oil paintings. Gogh made a wide range of paintings that included but were not limited to landscapes, self-portraits, paintings of sunflowers and cypresses, and paintings of wheat fields. Van Goghs finest works were produced in less than three years in a technique that grew more and more impassioned in brushstroke, in symbolic and intense color, in scrape tension, and in the movement and vibration of form and line (Vincent van Gogh). Color was the fundamental focal point of expression for Gogh. He played with colors and came up with such contrasts that lent life to his paintings and emotionally appealed to the audiences. Vincent van Goghs artwork is known for its jagged beauty, boldness of colors, emotional appeal, and several other factors delinquent to which it has had great impact on the 2oth century art.Vincent van Gogh had a tough and very short-change life. He was a patient of depression and mental illness. It can be attributed to a large fi nish to his high sentimentalism and lack of self-confidence. Despite

Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public - Essay ExampleAdvantages for an organization for handout national Although exhalation public is an expensive process but there argon several advantages. Some of the most important advantages for going public are as come withs More capital target be raised by a high society if it starts floating its share in the market place. By floating shares in the market, company can cause a better growth rate. People know and recognize more just about companies whose shares are in the market rather than fasts that are privately owned. Going public is a way to brand and market the company as well. It also builds the brand image of the company and the company becomes more reliable and responsible (Glueck , 1980). Because of being a better and more renowned company, a public company is able to string and retain better human resource which helps in improving productivity level of the company. While acquisitions, shares of the company can be us ed instead of silver. Debt to equity ratio of the company improves because of going public as the capital raised is included in the equity section rather than liabilities. Debt to equity ratio is star of the shipway lenders analyze and assess the risk of the company and it explains the amount of debt the company has in comparison to its liabilities. Organizations can motivate employees by offering them stock options which are considered more valuable than separate rewards like cash and bonuses. Disadvantages for an organization for going public Besides the advantages of going public, there are several disadvantages because of which many organizations do not go public and float their shares in the market. The most important disadvantages which restrict an organization from going to public are as follows Going public is an expensive process and if an organization has other ways or options to raise money then it should go with the alternatives rather than floating shares in the mar ket. There are several fees and salutes associated with going public like accounting fees, expense allowance of underwriter, filing fees, cost of travelling, cost of printing and legal fees and all these costs are to be included while analyzing whether the firm would go public or not (Hoch, Kim, Montgomery, and Rossi, 1995). In addition to this, if the management of the company is not sensible about the process of going public then it should not indulge in such activities because it is a difficult process and they should go public only when the management is not aware about the in all process and complications involved in it. Information about the company increases and more the great unwashed know about the organization in comparison to the time when the organization was operating as a privately held company. Customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, analysts, and other stakeholders of the company tend to focus a lot on the organization and strategies which it has adopted. A s the company goes public, it has to follow the requirements of SEC and financial reporting of the company has to be in accordance with the rules and guidelines provided by SEC (Kaplan, and Atkinson, 1998). sack management or entrepreneurs could feel like as if they have lost the control of the organization and thusly it can have an impact on their decision making and productivity. Remuneration and compensation packages paid to the natural covering management of the organization are known to others because public information and everyone would be aware about the salaries of people at the top managerial level. Because of going public, risk of shareholder litigation increases. Many shareholders are

Hong Kong Government dealing with Pollution problems Essay

Hong Kong Government dealing with Pollution problems - Essay ExampleIn this paper, we particularly look at Hong Kongs strategy of limiting emission of chlorofluorocarbons and analyze its effectiveness.As wiz of the most important export hubs of Asia, Hong Kong is beset with pollution problems which are regarded as the inevitable and necessary consequences of evolution (Ibid.). The amount of denude pollution in Hong Kong, primarily come from the citys dense population, from the factories and function stations that emit smoke, from the seemingly endless construction activities as well as the increasing cast of vehicles which all have contributed to the very dangerous levels of air pollutants like particulate matter or the so-called RSP and the greenhouse gas nitrogen dioxide or NO (Lou, 2007). In fact, the situation has been so bad that the visibility level in the area has been recorded at less than eighty kilometers for about thirty share of a year (Ibid.).One of the most felt effects of Hong Kongs high level of air pollution have been mostly on the residents health, which range from allergies like rhinitis, bronchial ailments, and asthma, among others. However, such are not the only effects of air pollution, as researches have reported many others as well as other causes and related issues, which will be tackled in further details in this paper.This paper intends to earn a further look at Hong Kongs pollution problem that has been very alarming heretofore among the international institutions and companies who have stakes in the city, in relation to how the Hong Kong government responds to the situation. In the attempt to conservatively analyze the governments mechanisms and programs that have been put in place to resolve the issue at hand, as well as the milestones and failures of the governments efforts, this paper will first take a look at the whole scenario to provide better understanding of the responses to it.The Governments Strategies. The Hong Kong government, as a

NORMALIZATION AND SQL DDL STATEMENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NORMALIZATION AND SQL DDL STATEMENTS - Essay ExampleAtomicity ensures that no incomplete transactions be always executed by the system which ensures the state of data always remains stable despite some(prenominal) hardw are/software failures. Consistency ensures that only those transactions will execute that do not demoralise any of the database consistency rules which ensures data remains valid. Isolation ensures uninterrupted single transaction processing e.g. the concurrent transaction requests are handled serially i.e. one transaction at a time. Durability ensures that transactions are logged and therefore transactions can be rolled back at any time.Database normalization is a set of guidelines that helps in organizing data efficiently which improves the overall performance of a DBMS. It helps remove data wordiness (does not allow duplicate data storage in multiple tables) which in turn reduces the berth consumed by database. Furthermore, it improves data consistency by all owing only sensible and logical data dependencies between tables (e.g. a table stores only data that is related). There are five normal forms of database 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF and 4NF. Mostly, normalization till the trinity form is enough for most database system applications. 1NF helps eliminate duplicate column from a table and identifies quaint column(s) i.e. through primary key. 2NF separates data subsets into separate tables forming foreign keys. And 3NF ensures all columns in a table are dependent only on the primary key.The exercise helped in understanding the concept of ACID stupefy and offered a hands-on approach to designing and optimizing a database design. It helped in practicing the application of the most widely use normalization guidelines on a previously formed database model. Furthermore, it also helped practice the DDL statements involved in the unfeigned creation of a database application in

Training Effectiveness (Human Resource Management) Essay

Training Effectiveness (Human imaging Management) - Essay ExampleThe main question thus arises, how rouse one peak the effectiveness of pedagogy in organizations, yet prep is an intangible and unquantifiable expense?One of the highly used methods is the opthalmic confirmation. The visual confirmation aspect, hence considers various aspects that include the changes in behaviors, an increase in productivity and the overall train of expertise each of the people who have undergone cooking exhibit. This measure of training effectiveness is usually detect by the training manager or the HR head in charge of training. Another measure of training effectiveness is the aspect of social ownership. Social ownership is the ability of a trainee to disburse this association to other people, acting as a trainer. Social ownership can be packaged an compend of peer-to-peer teaching moments or commanded training by manager, whereby the trainee would have to share his or her learning from the training course of study (Eades, 2014). Even so, the most used and reliable method is skill mind. After training has been conducted in the organization, a periodical monitoring and assessment of skills can be conducted to ensure that the training was effective in give such skills.Of all the mentioned methods, the most appropriate is the skills assessment module. Skill assessment is the preferable measure of training effectiveness that can be used in this organization. Primarily, one of the key reasons why skill assessment is the most appropriate, is the fact that a statistical quantification can be implemented. By assessing the skills, a manager can understand the effectiveness of the training. As such, it is arguable that skill assessment is one of the best approaches of measuring training effectiveness in any given

Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Essay Example for Free

Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation EssayWildlife conservation is the most primal things in the serviceman. And the great unwashed have made a hatful of progress in this field. In anticlife conservation, mint try their best to protect threaten plants and animals, as well as their habitats. The purpose is to make sealed that future generations will have enough space to survive and develop well. Countries all over the world have different agencies for groundlesslife conservation and plenty of nonprofit organizations also take part in the ferment of this activity. Various kinds of subjects are involved in the process of wildlife conservation.For example, people must use the knowledge in the field of biology and other sciences to recognize the species that are in danger, and to memorise those species to learn more than(prenominal) airless to their needs. Economics is also involved in wildlife conservation, because the conservationists are trying to find out the most economic solutions. Apart from these, the trade protection of wildlife also depends on education very much, using different methods to t to each one people about the importance of animal habitat conservation. However, the Earth is warming, and populace are using more water supply than ever before.It is important to know how people save wildlife around the world especially conservation in mainland China, the U. S . and then when happens after conservation especially the governments role in the process to protect wildlife, as well as the effects of these measures. Conservation in China China has a vast mix of species, with the number of mammal species ranking second all over the world. In terms of reptiles and amphibians, Chinas ranks are the fourth and sixth respectively. Although China only ranks eighth when it comes to its bird species, there are simmer down about 1,244 types of birds in this arena.A lot of these bird species are native to China, and that is why China has t he province to protect their future existence. There are sixteen primate species reenforcement in China. However, in the blue part of the tropical welkin, China has precious species such as the Sichuan golden monkey, which can also be found in Hubei as well as Sichuan provinces, and the Yunnan golden monkey, which lives in high-latitude places covered by lead by the nose of about 4,270 m. (Harris, 2007).. Golden monkeys, tigers, and pandas are rare and protected animals in China.In China, however, the most famous endangered species of wild animal is definitely the panda The panda is an endangered species of wild animals, and it can only be found in China. So people can say that panda is Chinas unique wild animal, so the protection of this animal is essential. The habitat of pandas lies in the provinces within Chinas Great Opening of the westernmost. The place is so fragile and unique that people can only run tourism on a small scale as the only economic activity. Therefore, it is extremely essential to create more nature reserves for the protection of pandas, even though about of them are not working effectively.If we do not pay most of the attention to allocating these areas as habitat for pandas, these places will definitely be apply for producing wood and or agricultural crops. Recent survey in 2004 found that umteen threats including deforestation and persistent hunt down interfere with the long-term natural selection of this endangered species. (Harris, 2007). For instance, Western development for pandas makes Chinese poachers see business concern opportunities and their harmful behaviors have seriously affected the survival of this precious animal. Human development has affected wildlife survival environment.Because of the population explosion and unsustainable use of natural resources, the panda habitat is also rapidly losing. Pandas adhere to living in a large area of natural forests, which can also be used for agriculture, flavour and fi rewood. Because of Chinas dense population, umpteen of the giant panda population is isolated in no more than 1093-1312 yards broad(a) narrow belt of bamboo. Because of immigration, the pandas habitats are continuing to disappear. In more than 20 pandas range, there are many habitats fragmentation into isolated areas.In these areas, a network of nature reserves exist to protect more than half of the panda population. Because of the requirement for habitat, the giant panda cannot migrate, so they have lost a lot of flexibility as they are not able to find new feeding areas. (Calhoun, 2005). In China, humans over-exploitation of trees and the destruction of environment have also caused a large number of pandas to disappear. Moreover, China has no expertness to build adequate reserves to protect the panda. Conservation in the coupled StatesAmerica is a country with a focus on animal protection and people there treat animals as their close friends. The country of United States has a broad geographical location and there are many kinds of views in the United States, from the polar ice to tropical rain forests, from moderate rain forests to prairies, from mountain summits to desert and precious coral reefs. There are some places to live, comprising the most richest land on the Earth, such as the lower multiple sclerosis River and the western salt marshes which are some of the most barren areas.Wonderful and various kinds of animals live in many places of this country, such as elk, wolverine, bison, grizzly bear, bald eagle, musk ox, caribou, wolf ,mountain lion, polar bear, and moose, which are booming in these areas. It is also the habitat of thousands of amphibians, fish, bird and reptiles. (Wildlife Conservation Society,n. d. ). Americans attach great importance to the protection of animals and people in the United States to give animals a lot of living space and a good natural environment. In order to ensure the survival of wildlife in the United States, peo ple have founded a vast area of nature reserves.In terms of conservation innovation, the U. S. has a rich history. The U. S. created Yellowstone, the crown jewel of parks in 1872, establishing the concept of interior(a) parks. And then in 1932, the first International Peace Park, Glacier-Waterton National Park along the border with Canada was created. Even with a vast system of public lands which provides protection for the wild places in the country, including national parks and wilderness areas for fishing and wildlife refuges and state lands, there are still some conservation challenges caused by management activities on the public lands.Usually, more efficient private lands are a vital voice of long-term success in conservation. (Wildlife Conservation Society,n. d. ). The Yellowstone national park is one measure to guarantee the protection of their animals, since the place gives wildlife enough living space. Yellowstone national nature reserve gave wild animals more opportunit ies and space. People also try their best to protect wolves in the United States. In March 2003, the U. S. fish and wildlife service issued a rule, significantly reducing federal protection for wolves and set the stage to liminate them from the endangered species act (ESA) protection completely. Until now, in terms of the recovery in the number of wolves in the 20th century, the U. S. fish and wildlife service has done a great job. People take wolves into the Yellowstone national park and central Idaho. This protection is considered by many to be one of the great achievements. (Calhoun, 2005). The United States fish and animal protection administration also obtained remarkable achievements in protecting the wolf population. After ConservationAfter the management of protection on animals by volunteers, the go efforts of the China panda protection finally result. Recently, the world natural foundation has helped the Chinese government in the field of national habitats of giant panda and its protection program. This program has made significant progress China now has 33 of the giant panda reserves, and the giant panda habitat reaches around more than 6177 unbowed miles of area. According to a survey in 2004, there were 1600 pandas in the wild. (Calhoun, 2005).With the help of the animal protection link of America and China, multiple reserves are established. China needs more reference to the United States in protecting wild animals. Wildlife protection is the responsibility of people around the world. Chinese and Americans need to learn from each other about how to protect endangered wildlife better in the future. China should, for example, learn from the United States some new ideas of animal protection and the responsibilities of ordinary people when it comes to animal protection in the wild.Through the study of wildlife conservation concept, people in China can improve their animal protection measures, reduce case down trees and causing environmental damag e any longer. Strengthening the reserve management and reducing the poaching practice, these measures will better protect endangered wild animals. The United States in the field of conservation philosophy occupies a leading position in the whole world. For instance, American people created Yellowstone national park and the planetary peace park.These huge areas provide plenty of living space for wild animals. China also has an enormous area, so there are a lot of important lessons China can learn from the United States, such as creating national parks and nature reserves in the areas which are suitable for special kinds of animals. In the meanwhile, if necessary, China may also seek some help as well as advice from the United States. Conservationists work all over the world. To determine the species need to aid and protect them. The subject ordinarily include animals and raise them.Capture prisoner ensure still large and diverse population at the same time environmentalists work establish territorial animals, so they can have a undecomposed place in the field. Wildlife conservation needs also need to be balanced with other desires, because many countries value forms of entertainment like hiking in the wilderness, camping, hunting and makes it impossible to set aside land makes wild animals live. In this respect, China only attaches great importance to the development and demand of human beings. Ignored, the environment and wild animals, and other important factors.

The Effects of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australians Essay Example for Free

The cause of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australians EssayThe Effects of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australians There are many effectuate of British liquidation on Indigenous Australians. One of the worst impacts was the loss of write down. The land is the sole provider of food, medicine and new(prenominal) basic needs to Indigenous Australians. It is also the main part of their spiritual and cultural beliefs. The Indigenous Australians lived wandering(a) lifestyles. They lived in tribes that moved around, using only what they needed, recycling what they could, and moved on when they felt that the resources at the web site had been exhausted. This gave the site time to recover and recuperate, and so, their resources never ran out. To the Europeans, land stated how wealthy the owner was, and they linked land ownership with power. The more fertile land you owned, the wealthier and more powerful you were considered to be. This, of course, did not apply to all E uropeans who came to Australia, as most were convicts who were given land to farm and provide food for their community. When the Europeans came to Australia, their main aim was to build another(prenominal) colony, as well as find another place to situate their convicts.There were many reasons for the British to build extra colonies. These reasons include politics, righteousness and economics. Politics plays a very important part in colonialism. Extra colonies provided status, power and influence over the settlers, for the colonizer. This power enabled other effects of colonisation to take place, e. g. the counterpane of religion Religion was a vital part of everyday life for the British. They felt that they had been burdened with the business of having to spread their faith Christianity.When the British had come into contact with the indigens, they tried to save them by introducing them to their religion, however, the Aboriginals had their own religion the dreamtime. Building extra colonies also provided access to more natural resources, goods for trade and opened new markets for profession around the world. This provided even more wealth, and increased the economic status of many countries. When the British had invaded, many native communities were forced off their land, which they considered sacred.In the early 19th century, many settlers took vital parts of the Aboriginal land, such(prenominal) as waterholes and soaks. By the 1870s, all fertile land had been distributed. Many communities were reduced to living on the borders of British owned land, or on lands that were infertile, and considered unsuitable for settlement. As a result of the loss of land, the number of Aboriginal communities and the number of Aboriginals were greatly reduced. Consequently, they lost essential resources such as food and water, as there was little land to move around in, and less time for the land to recuperate.There are many effects of British colonisation on Indigeno us Australians. Some of these were good, some others were bad, but the loss of land was whiz of the worst. Bibliography Retroactive 1 stage 4, world history. First published 1999 by John Wiley and sons Australia, Ltd. Lisa-Marie Longs excursion booklet http//www. aboriginalart. com/aboriginal_australia. html visited on the 24/11/08 http//www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-17_u-504_t-1361_c-5239/QLD/5/Consequences-of-British-colonisation-for-Aboriginal-People/British-colonisation-of-Australia/Colonisation-resources/power-and-exploration/SOSE/ visited on the 24/11/08.

An analysis of the influence of technology on contemporary interior architecture Essay Example for Free

An analysis of the influence of engine room on contemporary privileged computer architecture EssayThe analysis of the articles is based on the influence of technology on interior architecture breeding and of employers expectations in the interior goal industry. This similarly addresses the issues faced by interior proposeers in instantlys world and how technology is obstructive/fostering their creativity.Talking about the article on engineering Changing the Face of the Modern Fit out, it addresses a strong point of how the interior design industry was never considered as a crucial part of the industry and was dealt with a stereotypeposturethatinteriordesignersdealtonlywiththepartofdecorating the space until technology gained importance. Technology has now assumption a 180-degree knock over to the industry beca affair of which the industry has finally started gaining the deserved recognition.The underlying point in the article is technology hindering or fostering the creativity in interior design, although is on similar lines like the higher up mentioned article about the positive aspects of technology, it also talks about the pitfall side of technology on the industry.Their argument is supported with an example cited of a professor from a state university of how although he accepts that the technology has given the students, the most innovative platform to communicate their design ideas, somewhere down the lane, the students who are the prospective interior designers are lacking the basic creative skills and hand drafting techniques.Interior Designers Perceptions of the Influence of Technology on Workplace Performance article gives us a different perspective of the influence of technology and how it caters to the interior designers. The statement is supported by examples cited by employees from the industry who piss been interviewed of how 2D and 3D software have enabled the designers to get their work done in reduced time in comparison to ho w it was in the past. It also talks about what the expectations of the employers from new hires are ,2which includes being efficient in 2D and 3D software which will enable them to be proficient in expressing their design ideas.The other side of the light upon is that it is hindering the employers in certain ways. This point is well supported by examples they cite of how in event if the computer crashes the students are unable to come up with a hand made drawing organize for a meeting. The over dependence on the computer has led to this state where the new graduates are finding it tough to inculcate sk etceteraing and hand drafting although their competent computer skills enable them to complete a design project in no time.The articles that we have looked at firmly state that the influence oftechnology has its pros and cons. The use of technology has catered to designers in various ways in terms of the time factor, design output etc. But the basic thing we have to understand is every opportunity has both sides. So technology is definitely fostering the designers but having said that it is better that we dont become over dependent on itthat ithinders ourcreative and innovative skills of designing.3WorksCited(MelindaLyon2009)(Moore2011)(TAUTE2005)MelindaLyon,ShirettaOwnbey,MihyunKang.InternationalJournalofInstructionalTechnologyand remotenesslearning.January2009.http//www.itdl.org/journal/jan_09/article07.htm(accessedAugust2013).Moore,Tim.DesignBuildSource.October05,2011.http//designbuildsource.com.au/technology-changing-modern-fitout (accessedAugust28,2013).TAUTE,MICHELLE.IIDA.2005.http//www.iida.org/content.cfm/compass-vs-computer(accessedAugust28,2013).

French Revolution Essay Example for Free

French Revolution EssayI hold it, that a little rebellion, without delay and then, is a good thing, and as necessary in the political world as storms in the physical. doubting Thomas JeffersonPolitical rebellion takes place when the multitude of a country odor it is essential that a change in political sympathies is made. Different nations ache different ideas around the responsibilities of organization, and as a result at that place argon many possible solid grounds for political rebellion. John Locke, an English medical doctor and philosopher who lived until 1704, published his liberal theories about governance, plaza, and the even ups of man, in his book Second Treatise of Government. Edmund bump off, a writer with a legal background who spent his vivification involved in English politics, published his opinions about innovation in 1790 in his book Reflections on the Revolution in France. some(prenominal) Locke and burke support political rebellion, but Lockes belief that politics be based upon abstract natural even ups drives his support for the complete dissolution of brass in the event of rebellion, slice bump offs belief that rights and morals argon derived from the conventions of parliamentary procedure makes his support for rebellion much reserved and conditional.This comparison is momentous to any individuals considering whirling as a means of changing regime. The outcomes of rebellion give the bounce dep intercept on the underlying beliefs driving it, and both writers positions be useful to establish the underlying reasons for transmutation, and some of the risks involved depending on the extent of the change. Locke believes that ahead we casting accomplished troupe by takeing to establish administration, we live in a State of Nature.He describes this pre-political area as,a convey of perfect freedom to point their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the lawfulness of nature, without asking leave, or depending on the impart of any early(a) man. (Locke, 1980, p. 81)The State of Nature is ruled essenti totally(a)y by human nature. Liberty, equality, self preservation, reason, and property are the to the highest degree prominent principles that Locke feels are innate to macrocosm.Locke explains how nature intended for all men to be equal,creatures of the same species and rank, fore rattling which way born to all the same advantages of nature, and the use of the same facilities should be equal amongst a nonher (Locke, 1980, p. 8)Locke comes to the conclusion that humans are self preserving in the State of Nature, by means of his observations that we are attracted to pleasure and have aversions to pain. He believes that idol gives us these attractions and aversions that preserve us, be convey we are essentially all the property of God. This limits the perfect freedom present in the State of Nature.Since we belong to God, we do non have the self-sufficiency to destroy ourselves. Although we are non all born with property (except through getance which Locke fully supports) the ability to acquire property is present in the State of Nature, for it is attained by our labor and resources. Our self preserving instinct produces a great desire among us to protect property that we have attained, therefore measures taken to protect our property are considered on the nose. Since political sympathies does not exist in this state, individuals have the right to uphold the law.Locke believes that any individual, who breaks the laws of nature, proves that he is not ruled by reason and equality, as the rest of the inhabitants in the state are. Breaking the law can be specify as doing harm to innocent others, this includes stealing property or acts of physical harm. These offenders are dangerous to mankind, and their peers moldiness invoke punishment, every man hath a right to punish the offender, and be the exec utioner of the law of nature. (Locke, 1980, p. 10)Punishment in the State of Nature takes on two distinct forms reparation and restraint.Only the victim of the crime attached is entitled to reparation, to compensate for the damage he has received. Restraint is the method utilize to ensure that the crime get out not be committed again, usually by causing repent. Since there is no judge to finalize to what extent offenders should be punished, it becomes a decision based on the instinct and reason of the individuals involved.Locke outlines some inside information about invoking punishment to make this individual license more clear, every man, in the State of Nature, has a force-out to kill a murderer, both to deter others from doing the like injury, which no reparation can compensate, and excessively to secure men from the attempts of a criminal, who having renounced reason, the common rule god hath given up to mankind, hath, by the unjust hysteria and slaughter he hath committe d upon one, declared war against all mankind (Locke, 1980, p. 11)While Locke gives complex expand about this theoretical pre-political state, Edmund Burke does not believe it exists at all. Burke believes that we are born into civil participation, and that the qualities Locke describes in the State of Nature, are not innate, but are derived from societal institutions. for I have in my contemplation the civil social man, and no other.(Burke, 1987, p. 522) Since our rights develop from experience, compromise, convention, and reason (which is learned) natural and abstract rights do not exist in a universal sense. Burke believes that such abstract ideas about natural rights are too simple to fit into the real world, and if something were true, it would have to possess the ability to be contextualized. in the piggish and complicated mass of human passions and concerns, the primitive rights of men undergo such a variety of refractions and reflections that it becomes loaded to talk o f them as if they continued in the simplicity of their arche fictional character direction.The nature of man is intricate the objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity and therefore no simple disposition of direction of fountain can be suitable wither to mans nature or to the quality of his affairs. (Ayling, 1988, p. 210)Burke also fears that abstract rights, express by philosophers such as John Locke, place too much emphasis on individualism, curb essential human affections. Burke believes that affections preserve society for it is the respect, love, and admiration of the past, those around us, and those who are not moreover born that solidifies traditions and institutions.On the scheme of this barbarous philosophy laws are to be supported but by their own terrors and by the concern which to each one individual may find in them from his private speculations or can spare to them from his own interests our institutions can never be embodied, if I may use the facial gesture in persons, so as to create in us love, veneration, admiration, or attachment. But that sort of reason which banishes the affections is incapable of taking their place. (Burke, 1987, p.68)Burke does believe that we posses liberties, but that they are flexible and particular to each society. These liberties are exercised through societal institutions, so if the institutions are erased then so are our liberties. In the following quote, Burke explains his conception of the rights of man, by listing rights that are specifically satisfied by institutions such as law courts, hospitals, and educational facilities. Men have a right to do justice they have a right to the fruits of their industry, and to the means of making their industry fruitful.They have a right to the acquisitions of their parents to the nourishment and improvement of their offspring to command in life, and consolation in death. (Burke, 1987, p. 51)Burke and Locke agree that humans have a sine qua non for authorities. Locke explains chaotic disorder as the dark time in the State of Nature, the cataclysm of the commons. This situation occurs after currency has been created in the State of Nature, leaving individuals free to accumulate money. The demise of the golden age (the era of harmony) is brought about by property dis directes, greed, and insecurity.When the inhabitants of the State of Nature realize that they will not be able to cure the inconveniences of the state (the insecurity of property and inability to settle dis allotes due to lack of impartial judges) they realize the need for government and learn a system of political rationality. Burke uses the example of the French rotary motion to illustrate the need for organized government. He believes that the state is an organic body it can be adjusted but if it is finished total chaos is likely to result.Although the French attempted to set up new governments such as the subject area Assembly and later the National Conve ntion, they were short lived and unstable. The French variation brought about periods of anarchy, a state of a suspended constitution, overturned laws, destabilized economy, and the closing of essential institutions. The violent era known as the reign of Terror is certainly comparable to Lockes tragedy of the commons. When Napoleons Coup detat took place in 1799, the French people were dreadful for an organized government to bring an end to the terror and re-build their society.Locke stresses the grandeur of the social contract that occurs during the transition from the tragedy of the commons to civil society. Political power is manifested peacefully by a voluntary agreement among the people and the sovereign or ruling body. Burke does not acknowledge this specific moment of consent that Locke professes, but Burke values a consent of a more tacit nature. Burke attributes given consent far back in history, At some time or another all the beginners of dynasties were chosen by tho se who called them to govern. (Burke, 1987, p. 13) and he implies that consent to the government is inherited though generations. we transmit our government and our privileges in what we improve we are never on the whole new in what we retain we are never wholly obsolete adhering in this manner and on those principles of our forefathers In this choice of inheritance we have given to our manikin of polity the image of a relation in blood, binding up the constitution of our country with the dear domestic ties, adopting our fundamental laws in to the bosom of our family affections, keeping inseparable and cherishing with the warmth of all their combined and reciprocally reflected charities our state, our h res publicas, our sepulchres, and our alters.(Burke, 1987, p. 30)Burke might say that by being born under any government, we are naturally fields to it since we inherit the choices of our forefathers. Locke disagrees with this, taking into account that children can not be complet ely free, yet he still insists that there is a specific time in each persons life where they must give consent to the government in order to become part of the body politic. a child is born a subject of no country or government.He is under his fathers tuition and authority, till he comes to the age of understanding and then he is a free man, at liberty what government will he put himself under, what body politic he will unite himself to (Locke, 1980, p. 63)Property is sacred to both writers. Locke and Burke agree that the briny function of government is for the protection of our property.The government is also amenable for protection from external attack and from each other. Locke speaks of why men give up some of their natural liberties, such as punishing offenders, to the government, for the vernacular preservation of their lives, liberties, and estates, which I call by the general name property. (Locke, 1980, p. 66) Burke also defends property as an important liberty, it is the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that first and original faith of civil society is pledged. (Burke, 1987, p. 94)Locke believes that government, the protector of our property, has no right to confiscate it, The supreme power cannot take from any man any part of his property without his own consent for the preservation of property being the end of government(Locke, 1980, p. 73) And Burke agrees with him by expressing his aversion for the massive amounts of church property that were confiscated by the National Assembly in the French Revolution. we do not approve your confiscation of the revenues of bishops, and deans It is in the principle of injustice that the danger lies (Burke, 1987, p. 133) He explains how the governments violation of property rights can lead to failure of government by angering the people. if governments provide for debts by heavy impositions, they perish by decorous odious to the people. (Burke, 1987, p.136)Ty ranny is condemned by both Locke and Burke. Both support a system with a fragment of power in the he government. When a government has power divided into different bodies it is forced to be held responsible for decisions made to the other branches of government, and to the body politic. This system of checks and balances makes arbitrary rule unlikely to occur. Citizens feel more secure and protected form the government, and since they are given a casualty to assert their concerns (for example, Englands House of Commons) forceful action like transformation becomes unnecessary.Revolution to Locke means the dissolution of the government in power. The citizens then pay to the State of Nature until they choose to give consent to create a new government. He supports revolution in two possible instances he describes the first, governments are dissolved, when the legislative, or the prince, either of them, act contrary to their trust. (Locke, 1980, p. 111) Locke gives examples of the government breaking the trust of the body politic as tyranny, usurpation, or the violation of the social contract that was established between the people and the government when civil society was organize.This social contract enabled the government to have power, and the people agreed to obey the laws in return for government protection of property and rights. The second instance in which rebellion is likely to occur is,When so ever the legislative put into the hands of any other, an unquestioning power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands and it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty (Locke, 1980, p.111)Since the social contract that created the government commits the people lone(prenominal) to the government they have chosen to lift them from the tragedy of the commons, the government does not posses the right to forfeit the body politic to anot her power by conquest. It is the responsibility of the government that was peacefully formed to protect the people from the conquest of arbitrary outside powers. To Edmund Burke, revolution is the last resort to be used as a solution to a problem with the ruling body. The line of demarcation where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin is faint, obscure, and not easily definable.It is not a single act, or a single event, which determines it. Governments must be abused and deranged, indeed, before it can be thought of and the prospect of the future must be as bad as the experience of the past. (Burke, 1987, p. 27)His opinions differ from Lockes regarding the way that effective revolution should initiate change. Burke agrees that the government should be responsible for protecting its citizens, however in the event that the government breaks this trust we do not return to our natural liberty, as Locke believes.Burke finds this return to natural liberty impossible, not only because of his disbelief in the existence of the State of Nature, but also because Burke categorically denies the peoples right to form government for them. He believes that we inherit liberties and government from our previous generations, and government contains more wisdom, captured through the state institutions, than one human is ever capable of possessing. He speaks of England, our constitution preserves a ace in a so great a diversity of its parts.We have an inheritable crown, and inheritable peerage, and a House of Commons and a people inheriting privileges, franchises, and liberties form a long line of ancestors A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper and confined views. People will not look forward to posterity who never looks backward to their ancestors. (Burke, 1987, p. 29)Burke believes that completely dissolving government and outset over with a place slate is bound to fail, because a blank slate leaves no elements to form ideologies from, and is ignorant to the trials and errors of past governments.He uses the French revolution as an example, you chose to act as if you had never been shape into civil society and had everything to begin anew. You began ill, because you began by despising everything that belonged to you. You set up trade without a big(p) Respecting your forefathers, you would have been taught to respect yourselves. (Burke, 1987, p. 31)To clarify his expectations about triumphful and justified revolutions burke uses the example of the Glorious revolution of England in 1688. queer James the Second was a Catholic king.He was accused of not representing the interests of the majority, since England was in the beginning of Protestant religion, and the King showed favoritism to Catholics. Burke explains the accusations against the King as,They who led the revolution grounded the virtual abdication of King James upon no light and uncertain principle. They charged him with nothing less than a design, confi rmed by a multitude of illegal acts, to subvert the Protestant church and state, and their fundamental, unquestionable laws and liberties they charged him with having broken the original contract between king and people.(Burke, 1987, p. 24)Burke admires this revolution because it was bloodless reform as opposed to violent rebellion. However, he admits that violence can be used to achieve change in government but only if absolutely necessary. In England it had become obvious that a change was needed in the government, and the people took only the necessary actions to complete the change and return the country to normal. King James abdicated the throne, and was replaced by a Protestant king. An irregular convulsive movement maybe necessary to throw off an irregular convulsive disorder (Burke, 1987, p.22) the glorious revolution made great improvements in English government.Burke approves of the fact that the revolution did not begin until the leaders had accumulated evidence and fact s that the King was irresponsible. The spirit of the revolution was not to dissolve society and begin anew, but had a more realistic spirit of eliminating the specific problem in the government while preserving societal institutions. they regenerated the deficient part of the old constitution through the parts that were not impaired. (Burke, 1987, p.19).This type of revolution provided stability for the English people their rights were re-asserted in Declaration of Right, and the government was made more responsible to the people. They secured soon after the frequent meetings of parliament, by which the whole government would be under constant revue and active control of the popular representatives and of the magistrates of the realm. (Burke, 1987, p. 24) Burke contrasts this example of effective revolution with The French revolution of 1789, which he believed was ill spirited and caused further problems in French society.He feels that the French did not have just cause to rebel, The French rebel against a mild and lawful monarch with more fury, outrage, and insult than ever any people has been known to rise against the most illegal usurper or the most slaughterous tyrant. Their resistance was made to concession, their revolt was from protection, and their blow was aimed at a hand holding out graces, favors, and immunities. (Burke, 1987, p. 34)Burke feels that their cause for revolution was unreasonable and foolish, rash and ignorant counsel in a time of profound peace.(Burke, 1987, p. 34) The National Assembly, the government created upon the execution of the King of France, had the potential to become tyrannous. Burke believes that since the assembly had been created form a blank slate it was a danger to society. That assembly, since the destruction of the orders, has no fundamental law, no strict convention, no regard usage to restrain it. Instead of finding themselves obliged to conform to a fixed constitution, they have a power to make a constitution which shall conform to their designs.Nothing in heave or earth can serve as a control on them. (Burke, 1987, p. 39)Locke feels that people will impose restraints of power on their government as they see fit. He fully supports the division of powers, and believes that tyranny is a worsened state for society to be in than the tragedy of the commons. The reason behind this being that a arrogant government may force its citizens to live a life without liberties, but the tragedy of the commons although a dark and unstable time, is a time without government, where each man has natural liberties by the law of nature. genius of the commonly known reasons that the French people rebelled against their monarch, was because of the poor economy. However, Burke makes it clear that a poorly think revolution can bring worse times than those of the past. They have found their punishment in their success laws overturned tribunals subverted industry without vigor commerce expiring the revenue unpai d, yet the people impoverished a church pillaged, and a state not relieved civil and military anarchy made the constitution of the kingdom everything human and divine sacrificed to the idol of public credit, and national bankruptcy the consequence(Burke, 1987, p. 34)People who are dissatisfied with their government, and considering revolution as a means of change must take both Burkes and Lockes positions into account. The individuals must define the rights that they feel entitled to, and decided if the government and society can reform to assert these rights. If they find revolution to be necessary, these individuals must decide what type of political situation would embody these rights through institutions and government actions. Both Burke and Locke see a need for revolution when government is ineffectual.However, they differ in opinion on how and when revolution should take place, because of their beliefs on what society is like without established government. Locke feels that t he peoples return to the State of Nature is a chance to build a new civil society when they see fit, based on their desire to have their natural rights protected. Burke believes that there is no State of Nature for us to return to, escaping civil society is not possible. In order to preserve the lives of the people and the establishments that have been built by past governments, the government must be reformed rather than abolished.Thus summing it up I would say that the reflection of the ideas of Burke and Locke can definitely be seen today especially in republican form of governments like our India. Both Burke and Locke talk on the aspects of Liberty, equality, self preservation, reason, and property. They believe that these aspects are a must for governments in order to sustain continuity and thus we do see all these aspects in a modern democratic system of a government. Burke and Locke believe that revolution is not the correct method to achieve things in a democracy.They say t hat governments shouldnt be thrown out by means of a revolution. Revolution to them is unless a way of bringing about a change in government by use out rights and privileges that the democratic government system offers to us and not by dissolving a government by means of revolution as per the meaning during the 17th century. Therefore Burke and Lockes ideas fit very well for new emerging, growing and existing democratic systems of government today and must be reviewed upon before taking extremist decisions like abolishing a government completely.And thus I see their ideas and views on revolution did have immense influence during the period they lived in and the importance of ideas and views of Burkes and Lockes continue to be of immense importance to governments today and tomorrow. BibliographyAyling, S. (1988). Edmund Burke His life and opinions. New York St. MartinsBurke, E. (1987). Reflections on the revolution in France. (reprint) capital of Indiana HackettLocke, J. (1980). Sec ond treatise of government. (reprint) Indianapolis Hackett.

Fallacies and Generalizations Essay Example for Free

Fallacies and Generalizations EssayFallacies and generalizations of complex topics is common in like a shots high-pace society. veritable(a) before the era of 24/7 news, it was often easier to persuade people to an action if the terms were simplified. Unfortunately, this simplification often mires debates, and those who hand no cost to being wrong often burden others with the cost of do a wrong decision. As I have been reading Economic Facts and Fallacies (by So sanitary), many of the common fallacies of todays economics and culture situations are broken down to reveal possible causes, as well as the true causes. For todays post, common fallacies and generalizations allow be defined, as well as an example of each. When debating with others, watch out for these fallacies and call them out when you are able to.1. Ad hominemOne of the intimately common fallacies today, in which an argument is linked to a personal characteristic or belief to the opposition. It should not be co nfused with general name-calling or with legitimate concerns of the oppositions motives for arguing.Example control comic marriage is wrong. Susan Well, to you it is because you are a Christian. Mark All the reasons against have had nothing to do with religion. Susan You are phantasmal so it does not matter what your reasons are for not supporting gay marriage. 2. Argument from Authority obviously put, an argument/statement is correct because someone with recognized authority (person or organization) has said it is correct or endorses the position. It is commonly seen in commercials, but also prevalent in areas of debate that do rely upon actual data. Arguments based on a persons expertise must be heavily scrutinized, especially in the scientific and mathematical fields, which require non-biased data to support conclusions in experiments.ExampleHi, Im (Ath allowe) here to talk to you about the amazing advantages of using the Dental Pro-Product Extreme Example 2Susan international Warming has not yet been conclusively proven to have been caused by human activities. Mark 90% of scientists with the UN and many climate agencies around the world have agreed that man is the cause of this Warming. 3. Appeal to feelingThe fallacy of appealing to emotion is broad, a person can appeal to fear, ridicule, or some tyrannical benefit. Emotion though has not place in a debate based upon facts.ExampleMark If we dont support our troops, then our national security is at risk Who really wants to let up security so terrorists can sneak through and harm us? 4. Correlation does not imply CausationOne of the biggest generalizations committed today is this one. Many of the fallacies in Sowells book orb around this type of fallacy including various discrimination such as the gender-wage gap, and black-white income/education gap. The other worry with this generalization is that it generally applies broadly to a diverse group, such as women.ExampleMark Women consistently earn 75 cents per dollar that men extend to doing the same jobs despite all the advances they have make over the years. Susan Did you know that women, as a group, tend to choose jobs that are lower pay and have less hours? And that when compared individually, productivity differences due to time off from work explain the gap? 5. Slippery tipThe bane of many internet debates and political debates is the slippery slope fallacy. It is often combined with other fallacies to make the argument stronger. In essence, the person will use this fallacy to say that a small issue will cascade into ever larger events, typically against the wishes of the audience.Susan If we legalise prostitution, then drug use will increase. Which means more tax dollars will be needed to combat the rise in abhorrence that will result, and schools will need to enforce stricter drug policies to protect children. Mark Why not legalize drugs as well? Shouldnt people be free to use their bodies as they please? Many, many , incessantly many more fallacies exist. Generalizations are also common when people are treated as a homogeneous group, such as the income differences amongst ethnic groups in the United States. Of course, at times fallacies and generalizations can be useful, if they are true and conform to reason, but for every-day usage, most are just to win the debate and disconcert the opponent one way or another.

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

The Tr be ondy of Romeo and Juliet Essay ennoble Capulet is partially at fault because he told Juliet to take her metre and find some integrity she loves to get married. As well as Friar Laurence because he made hurried terminations about marrying behind the backs of their parents. Romeo and Juliet because they went behind everyones back at such a young age to marry one another. In the tragic love story Romeo and Juliet, written by Shakespeare, Friar Laurence, Romeo, Juliet, and Lord Capulet are all at fault for Romeo and Juliet killing themselves because the use of hasty decisions. Lord Capulet, Juliets father, was make hasty decisions by trying to over whelm all the sadness from Tybalts death with the well(p) news of Juliets wedding with Paris. He tells Juliet that she is going to marry Paris that Thursday and it will be a big celebration. Only a day later he changes the date from that Thursday to a day before, Wednesday. Capulet was not the only one to make hasty decision s, Friar Laurence did as well.He was the one that agreed to marry Romeo and Juliet behind their families back. In the intro to scene six it says the two confess their loves for from each one other and prepare to get married by the friar. Friar Laurence also gave Juliet the potion that would make her have the appearance _or_ semblance like she was dead for two and forty hours. Romeo and Juliet were also to blame for their deaths though. They are the ones who made the hasty decision to marry behind their parents backs.They were only thirteen and about sixteen as well. If Romeo had been there to talk to Juliet he would have know what was going on and he wouldnt have killed himself because he would have known that Juliet was still alive. If Romeo didnt kill himself neither would have Juliet. So, there were many people to blame in the deaths of the very tragic yet romantic Romeo and Juliet Lord Capulet, Friar Laurence, and of course, themselves Romeo and Juliet.

Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

Courage in To pop a jeerer EssayCourage is rightly see the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all early(a)s, (Winston Churchill). There ar several different ways t be courageous. harper Lee, in her 1960 novel, To devour a Mockingbird, uses courage as a main theme. Harper Lee demonstrates that if one can break the truth, change or remain rooted in their morals, they are a minority among people who lack the ability to do so. In To Kill a Mockingbird there are different characters that show it takes a certain amount of courage to tell the truth. When Dolphus Raymond said, You gnomish folk wont tell on me now, will you? Itd ruin my reputation if you did, (Lee 227) after he showed the kids that is was century in his paper and not alcohol. It was to make the children feel better ab come to the fore the trial. He had the courage to tell the kids the truth, right when there was a whole lot of lying going on in the courtroom, and risked them diss emination his story. Another great example is that Tom Robinson, during his trial, had the courage to tell the truth about why he regularly helped Mayella. When Mr.Gilmer asked Tom why he was so obliged to do Mayellas chores for free, Tom ruined each chance he had of winning the case by answering, I felt right sorry for her, she seemed to adjudicate moren the rest of em, (224). Back in the 1930s in the southern hills of Maycomb County, Alabama, where this story takes place, how dare a vague man feel sorry for a etiolate woman. The white citizens of the south believed that blacks were the lowest of the low. Lower than lick trash, standardised the Ewells. What Tom said contradicted the mindset of the time and he died because of it.Not many characters have the distinctiveness to tell the truth, however some do and the make a world of change. Harper Lee, in To Kill a Mockingbird, shows the readers that having the ability to change is quite significant. Not everyone can, and chang e can take your life, shake it a bit and when its put back down you dont know if it is for better or for worse. reconnoitre always employ to get into fights. One day, Atticus asked Scout to stop fighting. Scout loves her father very much and doesnt indirect request to disappoint him so she listened, no be how much she got chided for it.When I committed myself to a policy of cowardice. script got around that Scout Finch wouldnt fight anymore, her daddy wouldnt let her, (92). It was courageous of her to change because fighting was a giving part of her life and her peers were sure to tease her. Another character that exemplifies the courage to change is Mrs. Dubose. She was addicted to morphine but had the courage to change for the final hours of her life, even though she knew she would die soon no matter what. I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand.Courage is when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what, (128). Mrs. Dubose had the courage to change and died content with herself. Its piss that you need to be courageous to change because not many characters change in this story. Maycomb was born in ignorance and Maycomb continued to live in ignorance. The most courageous acts in To Kill a Mockingbird decease when a character is alone in their morals and remain rooted in those morals no matter what.Atticus is a perfect example of someone sticking to their guns. The reason that he gives his children as to why he is defending the black man, Tom Robinson is, Before I can live with other folks, Ive got to live with myself, (120). A different example is at the end of the book, when Boo Radley run throughs Bob Ewell. Sherriff Tate sticks to his morals by reporting that Mr. Ewell fell on his knife. Sherriff Tate told Atticus that if Boo was charged with murder, the attention he would receive from the towns women would kill Boo.An other example of a character being steadfast in their morals is when Calpurnia, knowing that everyone is equal, takes Jem and Scout to the black peoples church. Some of the black folks werent very welcoming to the kids because they were white. Lula stopped, but she said, You aint got no business bringin white chillun here-they got their church, we got ourn. It is our church aint it Miss Cal? Calpurnia said, Its the same God aint it? (136). These characters truly are minorities.That is when they shine and are model citizens of Maycomb County. Seems like being alone, fighting for what they believe in, makes them stronger. In To Kill a Mockingbird, it is the characters that have the courage to stand out against racism and break the status quo of Maycomb County that are a minority among the characters that dont. Courage is one of the biggest themes in To Kill a Mockingbird and only a special few are able to possess it. As Reggie White said, God places the heaviest burden on those who can carry its weight.

Narrowing Down of Gender Biased Disparities in US Federal and Civil services Essay Example for Free

Narrowing Down of Gender Biased Disparities in US discipline and cultured services EssayNarrowing Down of Gender Biased Disparities in US national official and Civil servings The early 1970s witnessed a male dominant contriveforce in totally departments of civic and federal services in the United States. Authoritative positions were held chief(prenominal)ly by men. Sex establish Glass Ceilings in the US State Level Bureaucracies 1987-1997 written by Marg atomic number 18t Reed et al. (2004) has relevant entropy from the US Government offices. The authors analyzed the info and concluded that this shift has narrowed down signifi courseletly with women faulting the impediments in the glass ceilings prevalent in administrative positions. According to him, the glass ceiling is not that pervasive in distributive and regulatory agencies but very less pervasive in the services of redistributive result which will be discussed later in this reputation. Mani (2004) in his W omen in the Federal Civil Service, analyses more(prenominal) close to the order of veterans preference to see if it stands as an impediment to womens career in the federal civil services. Lewis and Oh (2008) sole(a)ly discuss about the male- female pay dissimilaritys in their paper A Major battle? They deal effectively with pay disparities. For this, they makes an in depth study of different major subjects in colleges that brings a change in earnings and administrative positions. He uses samples of different races, whites and blacks, and Hispanics in his analysis and proves that there is no disparity among races in terms of salary or status. whole the ternary written document propose a common positive trend in womens education direct, salary, status, higher(prenominal) positions in civil and federal workforce.Each paper is exclusive in describing a unique sub-topic with significance and selective information analysis. Women are block to men in al near all departments ther eby bridging the sex activity gap between 1990 and 2000. All the third papers with data show the disparities and gender differences between 1970 and 1990 that gradually reduced and the percentage variation is unnoticeable in the year 2000. Reed et al. s (2004) paper can be considered as a main discussion of the topic where he touches upon womens employment, pay disparities and impediments to glass ceilings.Reed (2004) brings about the discussion on glass ceiling and glass wall that existed in three different agencies. The other two papers A Major Difference? and Women in the Federal Civil Service can be considered as a supportive or additional research without much contradictory opinions though each paper touches upon distinctive subtopics distinctively. The data analysis in all the three papers almost cause at the same percentage of variation between men and women in salary, education in civil and federal workforce.All the three essays borrowed data from government offices li ke U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC national (data coiffe for Sex Based Glass Ceilings in the US State Level Bureaucracies 1987-1997), US obligation of Personnel Management (data set for Major Difference) and US Office of Personnel Management (data set for Women in the Federal Services) This data is useful in performing analysis of employees by assembly line category, functional policy areas, salary levels, sex, number of male-female veterans, and male-female non-veterans.This data is not available in the open. It has been provided to the authors on ask by the respective universities. This data helps to conduct Significance Test, Logistic Regression visitations, Chi-square test and t test to scram up with statistical evidence supporting their readments. Reed et al. (2004) use this data to arrive at ceiling ratios plot of ground discussing about pay disparities between male and female.When we discuss about gender disparities, or womens impediments to acquir e managerial positions, a common opinion is cited as a drawback in women they are lack of commitment to affirmative action, lack of developmental assignments, gender biased organization cultures and stereotypes, outright discrimination, assuming leadership roles and welfare composition (Reed et al. 2004). Mani (2004) is also of the same view when he discusses about the reason for gender wage gap. According to him, sex discrimination in hiring and promotions, shortcomings in usual policies and social changes played a major role between 1970 and 1990.While discussing pay disparities and acquiring higher positions that remain in disapproval of women, we need to consider that women were in the habit of selecting arts and social subjects in colleges that relatively fetched lower salary and lower administrative positions compared to men who were in the habit of selecting computer science, business and other professional studies. The guerilla factor is that women are mostly connected w ith familial tie-ups and involved in childbearing, preferring to travel less, etc.mechanically kept them away from competing with men for parity in pay or the highest positions in administrative levels. In 1990s, the above-said factors did not stand in the way of women to keep them away from competition. Many women started choosing professional colleges and decided to work in areas where men alone where dominant. Education played a major role in bridging the gap between men and women in pay disparities and higher positions in administrative levels. moreover, arenaing top most authoritative levels was decided on various other factors that led to the disappointment of women.The percentage of gap un-bridged can be considered as due to the shortcomings in unexclusive policies and social changes as suggested by Mani (2004). Lewis and Oh (2008) in his exclusive study on pay differences, also attributes the unexplainable gaps in pay disparities to sexual discrimination and difference in government treatment of apparently compatible men and women. All three studies agree that this kind of partial treatment to women has reduced significantly and women are well placed in terms of education, pay, and administrative positions in the late 1990s.The percentage of development in every decade from 1970 is shown through analysis of data. Mani (2004) analyzes the influence of veterans in the civil life to see if it stands as an impediment to womens opportunity of turn a top level managers. Earlier in 1970s and 1980s there was considerable reason to mean that veterans had the advantage in federal civil service over non-veterans. The case started reversing in the 1990s with non- veterans getting more salaries and more job advantages. This is because, the women came stronger in studies in all departments.The growing number of women in public and their demands were heeded and respected by the government. The impediments came to a halt with the implementation of Equal Pay Act. Besides, George Bush signed Civil Rights acts of 1991 which allowed women to challenge unfavorable decisions in the bureaucracy and in the courts. Mani (2004) has ultimately concluded his views on veterans and their changing state is in the civil society with time. He proves with the empirical data that veterans no longer remain as an impediment for women in obtaining success in the civil and federal positions.Reed (2004) raises the question of women and their under standard as institutionalized democratic practices when it comes to high level positions. He use two models (i) socio-psychological model that emphasizes the splendour of organizational culture that exclude women, and (ii) the systemic model that focuses on the distribution of power and opportunities available to women. distant Lewis and Oh (2008), and Mani et al. (2004), Reed (2004) gets into details of three different agencies and the opportunities and positions held by women in them.Regulatory agencies such as po lice are considered to be a male dominant workforces. Obviously, the presence of glass ceilings is more visible here. The redistributive execution includes management of public welfare programs, rehabilitation, public health services etc that involve more service link up jobs where women are appointed traditionally at various levels. The glass ceilings are less pervasive in top administrative positions in redistributive agency. These disparities stated by Reed (2004) are narrowed down in 1990s.Distributive agencies involve construction, repair and administration of bridges, community development, etc in which men use to be dominant. The authors all the way observe the presence of glass wall and an impervious glass ceiling to get into top level management positions. Lewis and Oh (2008) do not segregate in detail, the three agencies via regulatory, distributive and redistributive agencies and so failed to categorize women where their representation, for guinea pig departments like police protection, fire, dept, etc was minimum.Without these information, one does not get to know that women are doing fairly well to reach management positions in redistributive agencies. From all the three papers, we understand that there is an increase in percentage of women in all positions of workforce. The empirical data suggests that the percentage increase is gradual from 1970 through the years and in 1995, women were earning about 89% of salary compared to men. Women too started obtaining higher degrees from colleges. Their presence was seen in many upper management positions.However women have not advanced into the highest and most prestigious positions in organizations. According to Reed (2004), the government is becoming creative in implementing strategies to reduce the gender gap but these efforts are not uniformly distributed in all the states. Many women, about 3 million, as teachers, are not included in the data considered for analysis. This is a significant popula tion that chose teaching profession for convenience and so the percentage of variation in disparities between men and women could have been improved if this work force is distributed in other civilian jobs.The affinity of women in various jobs determines various other factors. Mani (2004) has disclosed the veterans and their status in the civil services afterwardward the post Vietnam war. His paper helps to understand how the early veterans without much education levels happened to claim up the ladder in civilian positions. We also come know of the rigorous training the veterans possessed to meet the requirements once they come out to the civil life.However, at a later stage, the non-veterans had the advantage over veterans by virtue of their higher education, experience in civil environment and the change of law that preferred veterans in selection procedures. The changeover is shown with the help of data available from the U. S. Office of Personal Management Central Personal D ata blame (OPM CPDF). Comparison among male veterans, male non-veterans, female veterans, female non-veterans with and without considering sex aspect give a absolve picture of preferences and impediments over the decades.The scenario in 1995 shows that the disparities among all the four groups have been settled in such a way that one group does not hinder the prospect of the other group while competing for civilian jobs and in promotions. There was a significant difference in salary between men and women after all the analysis conducted by Mani (2004). Like in other papers, Mani (2004) too agrees with sex discrimination, the shortcomings in the public policies and social changes that impact womens career.But his opinion is slightly different compared to the other two after 1998, there was still occupational segregation and salary disparities between men and women. The other two papers showed that much of the gender gap is narrowed down around 1999, whereas Mani (2004) still shows differences that requires rectification from the government side. All the three papers with data and analysis reveal the changes in social and cultural changes through the storey of United States.All the three papers used more or less the similar data borrowed from the government departments. This can be considered as a major drawback in the results obtained. If each paper used a different data from different sources to conduct statistical analysis, it would have been more appealing. All the three papers do not consider or omit a few factors evenly while doing the analysis. For example, the 3 million teachers (Reed, 2004) avoided in one paper is a wise decision which is not be in the case of other two papers.All the three papers are trying to arrive at showing the percentage of gap narrowing down in disparities between male and female without considering similar factors in the analysis. This cannot be taken strongly for absolute results. However, the data from the government sourc es and its utilization in analyzing the subject to provide with statistics at various levels certainly convince the readers that there is improvement in decrease of glass walls and ceilings, equality in pay and acquiring top level management positions in the civil and federal workforce.References Lewis, B. Oh, S. S. , (2008). A Major Difference? Fields of Study and MaleFemale Pay Differences in Federal Employment. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Mani, B. G. (2004). Women in the Federal Civil Service Career Advancement, Veterans Preference, and Education. Reid, M. (2004). Sex-based Glass Ceilings in US State-Level Bureacracies, 1987-1991. Administration and Society.