Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor

Foam Assisted Lift Technology to melio enjoin retrieval FactorPROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATIONForty first yearly Convention Exhibition, May 2017Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor from Sensitive well, less(prenominal)on learned from arrive EP IndonesieRamot Sianturi*Jodi Astorifa Anggoro*Muhammad Nadrul Jamal*Chiko Eko Jatmiko*ABSTRACT core EP Indonesie (TEPI) currently produce 1600 MMSCFD of muffoline from 5 major gas fields, which atomic number 18 Tunu, Sisi-Nubi, South Mahakam, Peciko and Tambora. Except South Mahakam and Sisi-Nubi, all other fields atomic number 18 mature and already in declining takings. On some very slight gas rise, there restrain been limpid loading problem observed, a phenomena of inability to continuously mulct runny from borehole. The accumulated liquid increases hydrostatic compact and eventually run off the substantially production.As a solution, TEPI introduced a Foam Assisted Lift (FAL) technology in 2011 as a pilot phase, and continued in 2012-2013 on more(prenominal) well start of FAL trials. The principle of FAL is to gene lay bubbles to reduce hydrostatic air pressure, done wetting agent nip from grow to down-hole using capillary string (CS) set under specific well intervention arrangement. Starting from the pilot phase, TEPI have performed several improvements and teaching of robust down-hole equipments, opeproportionn, and as well the extract criteria of medical prognosis wells.During several phases of FAL pilots, TEPI had defined the survival of the fit running method and criteria of life-threatening FAL candidates pricy productivity (defined as Porosity x Net pay thickness), good set down reception, condensate and liquid proportionality less than 60%, and backside hole shut in pressure juicyer than 1000 psi. The new(a) selection criteria was fully employ in 2015 campaign, and payoffed in improved production in 10 wells. FAL is considered as prov en technology to maintain production stability of very light-sensitive gas wells.Keywords Capillary string, liquid loading, sparkle assisted lift, selection criteriaINTRODUCTION gist EP Indonesia (TEPI) produces 1600 MMscfd in 2016, it was decreasing sharply from 2010 which could produced 2000 MMscfd. One of the main challenges to maintain the plateau production of TEPI is the liquid loading riposte which means the inability to lift liquid out from gas wells. This liquid loading issue triggers to egotism killing appendage as shown in Figure 1. In the possibility of wells life, well produced in high gas pose and relatively dry. Through the time gas production decreases, peeing supply starts to be produced and less energy to lift the liquid. As the consequence, liquid will start to be accumulated in the borehole then eventually stop the well production. smooth loading issue would always happened in gas wells, it just except the matter of time. To minimize and longer wells l ife, until recently TEPI performs regular discharge by decreasing salubrious Head F crusheding Pressure (WHFP) adjoining to atmospheric pressure and flaring, involving substantial means such as test barge and personnel. These unladeing activities present specific risks, non only for safety, personnel, and assets, only if to a fault meeting in environment from the flaring activity which results in unripe House float (GHG) emissions. Moreover, this offloading is only temporary solution to boost the production. Therefore, a continuous offloading system is ask to maintain the sustainability of production. Several technologies for continuous offloading be shown in Table 1. found on Table 1, the most doable technology to be applied is Foam Assisted Lift (FAL) through with(predicate) CS considering no energy required, comply with comp any rules, and less damage comp ar to others. Principal of FAL is by creating foam at down-hole to reduce the hydrostatic pressure at wellbore in enounce to help the lifting of liquid to open. The process sequence of FAL is shown in Figure 2Addition of bedwetter indoors the well will reduce gas-liquid surface tensionThe diminution of surface tension will impact to the simplification of liquid densityhydrostatic pressure will be reduce as the impact of luminousness liquids densityReduction of hydrostatic pressure will bowl over more drawdown, delta pressure between reservoir pressure and bottom hole sleek pressure (BHFP)Additional drawdown will give more gas rate productionTechnology FAL has been developed in TEPI in 2011 as a pilot phase and continued in 2012-2013 on more wells as composition of FAL trials. Starting from the pilot phase, TEPI have performed several improvements and culture of robust down-hole equipments, proceedings, and also the criteria of candidate selection.CAPILLARY STRING INJECTION governing bodyDown-hole EquipmentCS down-hole system is an supernumerary tubing ( shooter system) that i nserted inside production tubing. take down though additional CS inserted inside, TEPI button up complies and respects to safety by keeping down-hole safety valve (DHSV) installed. It is mandatory to equip subsurface safety valve in onshore and offshore wells in TEPI for safety purpose as second barrier if any damage or malfunction of surface system happened. Initially the DHSV opening and closing is controlled by hydraulic pressure from control panel but afterwards equipped with CS down-hole system, the opening and closing is controlled by bed wetter pressure from surface surfactant facilities.DHSV in CS well is inserted or incorporated in a Weatherford barb and Safety Hanger (WISH). The WISH hanger also locks the CS tubing, top and injection valve, and triple check valves as shown in the Figure 3. Dual check valves are utilize at top and bottom injection valve to prevent well pressure from production tubing entering the system in CS tubing and DHSV control line. Besides tha t, the purpose of dual check valves also to prevent move up flow of surfactant or fluid s from wells which is potentially could cause plugging. Top injection valve installed immediately after WISH with purpose to pressurize and open DHSV at certain geological fault pressure (2000 psi) then it will allow surfactant to flow to bottom part of CS tubing. Bottom injection valve is installed at the bottom part of the tubing with purpose to inject surfactant inside production tubing. get along FacilitiesSurface facilities were designed to allow the surfactant injection from surface to wellbore with comity to safety aspect, production reliability, and production availability. Whole surface facilities in CS well are shown in the Figure 4. CS surface facilities constitute of several equipments as followSurfactant tank Tank that used shall be made from metallic tank since ground on MSDS, surfactant is consider as flammable fluid.Pump Surfactant injection pumps eccentric person is corrob orative displacement driven by instrument gas. In the before phase, installed pump is only one but due to the frequency of pumps failure, it is obdurate to install dual pump with philosophy one in operation and one as back-up.Pressure Switch High-High (PSHH) PSHH is installed to protect the equipment from overpressure due to out of use(p) outlet off of surfactant injection line or reverse flow from reservoir.Pressure Switch upset-Low (PSLL) PSLL is installed to identify any leak/ rive in the injection line or to identify if the pump stop working that could lead to pump cavitations.Pressure Safety Valve (PSV) PSV is installed at discharge line of pump to protect the surface facilitiesSurfactantCriteria that shall be considered during surfactant selection process are the foam efficiency and stability. Several lab tests have been performed to check and validate these two criteria. Qualifications of surfactant that been used in TEPI are as followThe product could be used high tem perature environmental ( 1760C) since it would be injected up to wellboreNo plugging issue cause by surfactant if injection stoppedCompatible with other chemicals that injected in the flow-line, i.e wearing inhibitorCANDIDATE SELECTIONIn the early phase on 2011, candidate of CS wells were selected base on the wells behavior (stable or intermittent flow), offload frequency, turner rate, and repartee to shut in for pressure build up (SIBU). The preliminary step for candidate selection is the wells behavior check into before going in to deeper to the other criteria. A well that suffered with liquid loading could be identified by change magnitude of water production rate, and then followed by sudden decrease of gas production rate and decreasing of liquid lifted to surface that jibe to the critical/ turner rate reached. The slip of WHFT also gives a good sign to do preliminary selection.Case 1 Well with Low Productivity and Low Gas Rate during offloadFigure 5 is one of CS wells production evolution profile that selected ground on the selection criteria preceding(prenominal). As shown in the graph, the well steady gave response to the offload that performed on October 2012 with high water production, 700 bwpd but in peculiar(a) gas rate, 0.5 MMSCFD. This well distinctly shown outflow problem as describes on liquid level column inside well based on pressure and temperature survey that addicted on Figure 6.CS was installed on May 2013, but there was no significant improvement in gas production even it was clearly confirmed that the well has issue in liquid lifting. Existence of water and response to offload could not ensure the advantageful of FAL, cut off of gas rate required to ensure the agitation and mixing between liquid and gas postulate to be defined as well. Besides that, the productivity of the well demand to be checked as well. As shown in the IPR and VLP curve, well with high(prenominal)(prenominal) productivity will give higher increase in any changes on VLP shape.Case 2 Well with Higher Condensate liquifiable RatioFigure 7 is sample of CS well that have high condensate ratio in liquid, 80% of condensate in liquid. base on the graph, gas rate production since October 2012 shown decreasing kink but still responsive to SIBU and offload (Qgas rate offload on August 2013 gave cling to 1.5 MMSCFD). Considering the initial selection criteria, this well was a good candidate for CS, but after installed with CS, there was no significant improvement. ruined result potentially caused by the existence of high condensate rate. Since surfactant that used as FAL is water base, it would create foam if only water exist in the certain composition. If liquid consist more condensate, foam will not be created and the impact potentially will give additional back pressure to the well itself.Case 3 Well with Low Bottom Hole Shut In Pressure (BHSIP)Well in Figure 8 was installed with CS since August 2013. As shown in the graph, eve n though the well shown positive response in offload (Qgas rate at 3 MMSCFD) and mainly produced water instead of condensate, the result after CS installation did not show positive improvement. Reviewing that from reservoir point of view, this well indicated a good productivity but the pressure (BHSIP) has been at low value.Based on the result on CS wells that selected based on criteria above (conventional approach path), found that criteria above were still not capable enough to give higher victory ratio. As in cases above, several parameters should be include in the selection process, such as productivity, response to offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP. Statistical approach has been performed to define the new selection that could give higher success ratio. Based on the review, parameters or criteria that could improve the success ratio are as followProductivityAs shown in the Figure 5, more gain could be reached in the high productivity wells. The unloading of well wi th FAL through CS would give additional drawdown in front of the reservoirs. In the alike(p) drawdown, the higher gain would be given by the well with higher productivity. In TEPI, the productivity is represented by the height multiply with the porosity. The higher the height and porosity, the higher would be the productivity. In order to improve the success ratio of CS wells, TEPI implemented the cut-off productivity at value 250. reply to OffloadFAL by surfactant does not bring any additional energy to the system. The well itself should be able to revive by itself in order to activate the foaming effect efficiently and effectively. Therefore, response to the offload is important to confirm CS candidate prior the installation. Good candidate for CS shall have an improvement in gas rate and liquid production at atmospheric pressure compared to LP. Based on review in existing CS wells, cut-off value to confirm candidate CS that implemented in TEPI is 1.3 MMSCFD in offload condition. Condensate liquid ratioCondensate is natural killer of foam. It would collapse the existence of foam. Based on laboratory test, minimum of 40% water in the liquid is still sufficient to create effective and stable foam. Therefore, the ratio of condensate and water needs to be considered as well during the selection candidate process.BHSIPBHSIP value could be used to represent reservoir pressure. Therefore, candidate for CS wells shall still have high BHSIP, it would not be too drop reservoirs. Even though BHISP is used as one of the criteria, needs to be careful in the selection process since higher BHSIP could be also due to higher liquid column.Case 4 Well that Selected Based on New Selection CriteriaNew selection criteria that are included the cut-off productivity, gas rate during offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP have been fully implemented in 2015. TN-H13 is one of CS well that already selected based on this selection criteria.Productivity that represents by the val ue of height multiply with porosity is 460 meanwhile the cut-off is at 250Last offload that performed on August 2013 still gave value at 2.6 MMSCFD meanwhile the cut-off is at 1.3 MMSCFDCondensate ratio was at 34% before CS installed meanwhile the cut-off is at 60%BHSIP based on pressure and temperature monitoring is at 1600 psi meanwhile the cut-off is at 1000 psiAs shown in Figure 9, Production trend from point A (February 2014) to point B (May 2014) shown decreasing trend and hold in water lifted to surface. In the end of May 2014, after reviewed based on new selection criteria, well gave significant improvement in gas rate after installed with CS. Gas production from point B (0.7 MMSCFD) increase to point C (2.5 MMSCFD) and then gave stable production. Good response to the FAL technology also given by the increasing of water rate that could lifted to surface.These new selection criteria have been fully implemented in 15 wells along 2015 and gave production improvement in 10 wel ls.DOWNHOLE MEMORY GAUGEAs part of learning process, beside define the new selection criteria, the impact of surfactant injection rate on reduction of BHFP needs to be evaluated as well. The method to evaluate this BHFP reduction is by installing memory gauge at the edge of CS tubing. Total memory gauges installed are 5.TN-H13 is selected based on the new selection criteria and it gave positive result in gas production after installed with CS. Positive impact on the gas production could be explained in Figure 10.Performed test was by varying the injection rate through several terminations. It was started with low injection rate to maximum injection rate. Stabilization period was given each time injection rate changed. The purpose of stabilization period is to have same baseline in each step of injection rate.Increasing of injection rate gave inline result with increasing pressure reduction of BHFP.At the end of the trial, surfactant injection was stopped in order to see the impact in pressure reduction of BHFP. From Figure 10, it is clearly shown that by stopping surfactant injection, BHFP would be back to initial value. Therefore, it could be concluded that the addition of surfactant obviously gives positive response to production improvement.The addition of CS gave reduction of BHFP by 160 275 psi, which means additional drawdown is given to the well that will impact to additional gas rate.CONCLUSIONS in full implementation of new selection criteria (productivity, response to offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP) are applied in 2015 campaign. It is confirmed that the implementation could improved production in more than 10 wells.Surfactant injection inside the well that suffered with liquid is confirmed could give additional drawdown that impact to the addition of gas rate production as confirmed from memory gauge installation result.FAL is considered as proven technology to maintain production stability of very sensitive gas wells.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTST he authors gratefully acknowledge permission from SKK MIGAS, INPEX, and TOTAL to publish this paper. Our biggest gratitude is also gives to all parties who provided valuable comments and inputs during the preparation of this paper.REFERENCELea, James, Henry Nickens, and Mike Wells. (2008). Gas Well Deliquification. 2nd Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing.Table 1. Dewatering TechnologiesFigure 1. fluidness Loading Phenomena in Gas WellsFigure 2. Process era of FALFigure 3. CS down-hole configurationFigure 4. Process Flow plot and Emergency Shut Down (ESD) systemFigure 5. Production development of TN-B1Figure 6. Gradient Pressure in Shut in and silken Phase of TN-B1Figure 7. Production growth of TN-N25Figure 8. Production Evolution of TN-P13Figure 9. Production Evolution of TN-H13Figure 10. Memory Gauge military issue of TN-H13

What are the Most Prevalent Dangers of Smoking and Drinking?

What atomic number 18 the Most Prevalent risk of exposures of Smoking and Drinking?A opus based on open instruction provided by the UK giving medication in info.gov.ukPrepargond by Tsvetelina TerezovaSupervised by Dan HeronThis survey presents a research of the question What be the well-nigh plethoric hazards of earn and sw everyow? In do to be beneathstood and given an rejoinder to this question, the report is based on open study, related to to the topic and provided by the UK Government in info.gov.uk. All information in this web billet argon non-personal and in a format that allows it to be re utilize. The selected infosets here(predicate) ar explored, examined and calculated by the use of R statistical computer softw ar package prick whereas Tableau information opticalization softw ar tool, is apply for presenting the entropy in a pictorial format.The expression of the research is covering the chase data ocularisation life cycle, presente d in figure 1 below.Figure 1. selective information Visualisation Life CycleAlcohol and cigarettes seriously threaten the wellness and are among the top rushs of stopping point. Among all risk factors for heart unhealthiness, peck require the greatest control over those related to the use or subvert of alcoholic beverageic drinkic drink and cigarettes. Multiple stu conks demonstrate that people who use or clapperclaw with these substances have a significant increase in risk of create heart disease.The answer of this research question presents a range of information on alcoholism alcohol and smoke cigarettes which data is d nakedn unitedly from distinguishable sources. The objective of the report is to present a wide line drawing of the wellness problems and endangerments relating to the consumption of alcohol and cigarettes in England. The purpose of the data depth psychology and visualisation is toGet closer to the data of alcohol and cigarettes consumptionBe unde rstood the influence of fume cigarettes and drinking alcoholEnable ends as it is much easier to be understood the potential risks of smoking and drinking by visualising the dataDiscover patterns to be shown how both Alcohol and Smoking screen al approximately one and the same dangersInspire action the aim of this spurt is to visually demonstrate the dangers of smoking and drinking and can influence governments to advance the health care.This research report contains data prowess analysed from different datasets print online at data.gov.uk, by the UK Government. These data graphics are analysed in R software tool and envisioned by the use of Tableau software tool. The goal is to be demonstrated how the dangers and vilification of tobacco and alcohol are approximately one and the same. The collected information is from a variety of data sources and the intent is to be presented in a better and amicable format. Also, the report includes close to summary performed by the w ellness and hearty superintend breeding Centre and some issue Statistic publications. 1Selected selective informationsetsStatistics on Alcohol, EnglandThis statistical record operates as a benchmark for the health issues relating to the alcohol use. The provided information is collected from different sources and is presented in a convenient format. It includes cases such as drinking habits and way of life among adults (16 years darkened and over) and children (11 to 15 years out of date) ill health and death related to drinking accessibility of alcohol infirmary admissions related to alcohol consumption. The record consists of previously published data and in like manner comprises further new-sprung(prenominal) depth psychology. The recent analysis are primarily received from the Health and Social attending cultivation Centres (HSCIC) Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) system, and prescribing data. The statistics overly comprises new records on the current government po licies and aspirations related to the alcohol use. It besides includes links to extra sources of valuable information. 6Statistics on Smoking, EnglandThis statistical record represents an assortment of information on smoking which is collected from different sources. The aim of this record is to present an great picture of the health problems related to smoking in England and includes themes such as smoking predominance, addictions, behaviours and style among adults and children, expenses, ill health and death related to smoking. This statistics incorporates data from a variety of sources representing it in a convenient format. It incorporates information and data formerly published by the Health and Social Care entropy Centre (HSCIC), Department of Health, the spotlight for National Statistics and Her Majestys Revenue and Customs. The record also comprises new analyses performed by the Health and Social Care Information Centre. 2Smoking, drinking and drug use among three-year -old people in EnglandThis dataset is announced by the Health and Social Care Information Centre. Smoking, Drinking and Drugs use among recent People in England is an annual research executed in combat-ready schools in England for providing information on scholars smoking, drinking and drug consumption behaviours. The national concentrates on different manners in different years, alternating among drinking and smoking one year, to drug consumption the next year. 3Alcohol-related enter crimes, unwarranted crimes and internal crimes, EnglandThe three datasets 7, 8 and 9 contain a percentage severally of the all recorded crimes, of the violent crimes and the sexual crimes per year, persons, all ages, per 1,000 population. The data are provided by the City of York Council and authorized by the establish Government Licence.Statistics on Womens Smoking Status at Time of lecture EnglandThis record represents the prevail outcomes and trends from the womens smoking status at time of delivery (SATOD) data compiling in England. The outcomes provide a measurement of the predominance of smoking among enceinte women at Commissioning Region, Area Team and Clinical Commissioning aggroup level. This supplement the public data existing from the Infant Feeding position (IFS). The smoking in pregnancy can bring to significant pregnancy-related health issues such as complications during childbirth, greater risk of abortion, unseasonable birth, low birth-weight and abrupt unexpected death in early childhood. 4Alcohol-related deaths in the fall in kingdomThe data here is presented by the National Statistics smirch and authorized by the Open Government Licence. This report provides the most recent data for alcohol-related deaths in the UK, its four composite countries and districts of England. Comparisons are made between 2012, and earlier provided information from 1991 onwards. 10Deaths from smokingThis dataset is provided by the Department of Health and author ized by the Open Government Licence. The information for deaths due to smoking per 100,000 is provided by the Association of domain Health Observatories (APHO) Geographies Local Authority District (LAD), County/Unitary Authority, Government Office Region (GOR), National Geographic coverage England. 5The analysis implications are related to preparing the selected data, perception of the intended data characteristics, selecting a proper tool and technique, mightily using the tool, accurately presenting the data and making the right clarifications.In order to be explored and fittingly visualized the answer of the research question are used the following stepsAnalysing the entire open data, statistics and reports published in data.gov.ukSelecting the appropriate datasets related to the research questionDownloading the selected datasets as an Excel files modify Data and preparing the outgo files for analysis.4.1 Normalization of the data formatting as raw data4.2 Removing the introdu ctory text and additional information from the files4.3 Clearing the data files from blank spaces and unnecessary written sentences irrelevantwith the data analysis.4.4 Replacing the contained symbol for lose data (-) with the value 0 in the data fields4.5 The following three small datasets Alcohol-related recorded crimes, Alcohol-related violent crimes and Alcohol-related sexual crimes, are self-possessed in one excel file with the aim to be analysed and visualised to shrinkherConverting all the excel files in .csv format exploratory data analysis in R exploratory data analysis is investigator work (it) can never be the whole story still nonhing else can serve as the foundation stone. John Tu observe Exploratory Data Analysis (1977) 21The exploratory data analysis (EDA) is very strategic part in the data visualisation process as it receive mistakes, check assumptions, suggest possible statistical models and determine relationships between variables. Exploratory framework per tains to the following process sequenceData Analysis modelling ConclusionIn this work the EDA is achieved with the help of R statistical software tool, widely used and broad range of analysis capabilities. The main types of EDA are Univariate and Multivariate approaches and both can be non-graphical and graphical. Here the Multivariate analysis will be included merely in the visualization part.Univariate hailAlcohol related deathsFiltering the year in dataset Alcohol related deaths only for 2012 with the aim to be compared the data for Smoking related deaths.The STR function is used to display the inner structure of the data and diagnostics Str(Alc_deat), shows the internal structure of the datasetThe head(Alc_deat) function is used to look at top few lines of the dataset (to date stamp the data structure)The tail(Alc_deat) function is used to look at bottom few lines of the dataset (to interpret the data structure)Smoking related deathsData set structure seems to be fine e xcept value as this should be an integer and not a factor, therefore the value is changed to integerThe function Smk_dea$ prise = as.integer(Smk_deat$Value) is used forchanging the value to integerThe function Summary(Smk_dea$ Metric_seconday) is used for summarising the most everyday causes of death related to smoking.The function sum(Smk_deat$Value) is used for calculating the amount of deaths caused by smokingABOVE ALL ELSE SHOW THE DATA EDWARD TUFTEAccording to Jacques Bertin the visualization is the artificial memory that best supports our natural means of perception. 22And according to Cleveland and McGill, it is also categorical and quantitative information encoded, chiefly through position, shape, size, symbol and color. 21Data visualization is above all controling relations and ratios between numbers. The data visualization is not nigh understanding particular numbers, but slightly understanding models, patterns, and relationships that exist in groups of numbers, th e use of abstract, non-representational pictures to show numbers, Edward Tufte. 22To meet and understand images is one of the common instincts of the human. From a well-drafted image, one is simpler to see the relationships and trends. As the visual production of the data takes advantage of the huge, and often underutilized, range of the human optic to get information from pictures and figures. The data visualization changes the load from digital analysing to visual analysing. Receiving information from visualizations is much much timesaving alternatively of analysing documents and sums therefore many an(prenominal) decision makers would prefer to get the data in graphical form instead of textual or written form.In order to be explored and appropriately visualized the answer of the question What are the most preventable dangers of smoking and drinking? are used the following stepsMaking a visual exploration of the data using Tableau Software, as followsConnecting the excel data filesCreating Views and Analysis for each one of the files as separate worksheets and severalise appropriately every sheetRepresenting the data in more than than legal way, applying filters, creating sets and groups, generating trend lines, using different visualization methods, such as Bars, Lines, Plot, Pie, lade bars, etc. for better understandingUsing appropriate colours for groovy visualisationAdding title and description (caption) to the graphics for better accepting meeting the worksheets and creating dashboards and/or data story.In the visualization process are also taken of importance the following Tuftes design principles the data to be shown above all else, the data-ink ratio to be maximized, the non-data-ink to be erased, the redundant data-ink to be erased and finally the visualization to be revised and edited. 22The point of this report is to give a resolution of the question What are the most preponderating dangers of smoking and drinking? and to strengthen th e answer with real data and facts.R has been used to analyse the data and its results helped to achieve the objective of the research and then Tableau was used to visualise the finding and complete the research question.Well-structured stories expand the influence, make the data more rational and benefit the message retention. Thinking hard astir(predicate) the viewers the structure of the story follows inductive horizontal logic with uniform grouped ideasSmoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholWhat are the most prevalent dangers of smoking and drinking?Smoking among adults causes legion(predicate) health diseases leading to preventable deathDrinking alcohol among adults is a danger because also causes numerous health diseases leading to preventable death can consumption among children is a danger because leads to addiction and damaging the development of childs bodyAlcohol among children leads to inebriation and damaging the development of childs bodyAlcohol related crimes are d anger because lead to Robberies, Sexual attacks, Intimate partner violence, MurdersSmoking in pregnancy affects the life of the find and her unborn babySmoking related deaths are danger because cause lung cancerAlcohol related deaths are danger because cause alcoholic liver diseaseAfter the made analysis of the data related to alcohol and cigarettes consumption, it can be summarized that the steps in the horizontal logic (shown above) formalized similar grouped ideas which are de facto the key points (dangers), answering the question.After associating several feedbacks, the result was suggesting the visualizations had unnecessary use of data ink, some of the graphics were with too bright colours and the audience had difficulties to get a clear picture of the figures, which are shown in the appendix. The redesign of the graphics included medium data ink, change of the colours from light to colour blind pallet for colour blind people and easier understanding of the images. Also, some of the bar charts were ordered by height as thus were represented the Gestalt features to allow the viewer to see the shapes without spending time to process the image.In order to be answered the research question What are the most prevalent dangers of smoking and drinking? numerous statistical reports and datasets were explored. According to most of the sources, here are visually explained the top dangers of smoking and drinking.Danger 1 posterior smoking among adultsSmoking damages the relationship circulation and the heart. Also, increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease (dam corned arteries that deliver blood to the learning ability). It can limit the blood supply to the penis and can cause impotence in men. It can also decrease the productivity of both men and women. 11 identify findings for cigarette smoking among adults, registered in UK.Figure 1 demonstrates that people aged 20 to 24 and 25 t o 34 inform the highest dominance of cigarette smoking (respectively 29% and 27%), while those aged 60 and over reported the lowest dominance, 13 percent. The data shown in figure 1.1 are an instance how the men are more liable(predicate) to smoke than the women, 22% of the men report smoking versus 19% of the women.Danger 2 Drinking alcohol among adultsAlcohol is grain alcohol which anaesthetizes the brain as a potent drug. In the bark area of the brain, it works as a relaxant and perverts the control, memory, learning ability, decisions and conduct. There is no doubt that immense term use or abuse of alcohol causes inflammation and cirrhosis of the liver and also enkindles the risk of kidney disease. 12 appoint findings for drinking alcohol among adults, registered in UK.The results of the data here resemble those described above for smoking among adults, viz. people aged 16 to 24 and 25 to 44 have the highest frequency of alcohol consumption, while those who are 65 years old and over have the lowest. (Figure 2)The data has changed and decreased in the years and in 2013 is recorded lower alcohol consumption from young adults aged 16 to 24 and 25 to 44 years old.Danger 3 Cigarette smoking among childrenThe young people and teens are quite vulnerable to the ruinous effects caused from the consumption of cigarettes because their body is still growing. Most of the people dismount to try cigarettes before finishing their high school. So if the people tick smoke-free in school, they will likely never start smoking. 16Key findings for smoking among children, registered in UK.From this data set, kids were asked whether they think it is OK to try cigarettes to see what it is like or it is OK to smoke cigarettes once a week. The acceptableness of smoking increases with the age. For instance, 6% of 11 years old think that it is OK to try smoking to see what it is like in comparison with 57% (avg.) of 15 years old. The interesting finding here is that girls are more likely to try smoking cigarettes to see what its like than boys are. (Fig. 3)Danger 4 Drinking alcohol among childrenAlcohol can harm the development of young peoples body because it is still growing. This makes youths especially vulnerable to the long-time harm caused by the alcohol consumption.Drinking alcohol in youth can harm the brain development. Most of the teens think that is not worth to worry about because the health risks caused by drinking are far in the future. Nevertheless, there is an subtle rise in the amount of people in their twenties expiry from liver disease as a score of alcohol abuse in their teens. The young people consuming alcohol are more likely to be involved in accidents and end in hospital because of alcohol poisoning. 15Key findings for drinking among children, registered in UK.The summary of the dataset here shows that more prone to alcohol consumption are 15 years old children with the highest record of 25% (Figure 4). The data analysis on Fig ure 4.1 shows that boys and girls were equally likely to have drunk alcohol in 2014 (8%) which record was dramatically decreased since 2010 when the percentage was 13%.Danger 5 Cigarette smoking during pregnancySmoking during pregnancy can put the health of the mother and her unborn baby at risk. The cigarette consumption can enhance the danger of low birth weight miscarriage complications of pregnancy premature birth congenital defects in the baby (cleft palate) poorer growth, development and health of the child stillbirth or death within the first week of life. 20Key findings for smoking during pregnancy, registered in UK.The dataset for Womens Smoking Status at Time of Delivery (SATOD) gives information on the frequency of smoking among pregnant women in UK. The results here show that the lowest percentage, 12% of mothers recorded as smokers at the time of delivery (TOD), is registered in 2013/2014 which continues to decrease steadily from 15% in 2006-07 (Figure 5). no matter of the fact that the percentage of women who are smoking in pregnancy is mensural less than those who do not smoke in pregnancy, the smoking at TOD definitely will stay a prevalent danger because it hides many health risks.Danger 6 Alcohol related crimesThe alcohol consumption is a very common factor related to most of the cases with criminal records. Many people find themselves involved in crimes aft(prenominal) an intense drinking of large amount of alcohol intake because the ethanol has the aptitude to reduce the ability of making decisions, decrease the inhibitions and encourage assertive inclinations. The most general alcohol-related crimes are cases of drinking and driving. However, there are many other significant violations that result from the abuse of alcohol. The most common alcohol-related crimes are robberies, sexual attacks, intimate partner violence and murders. 13Key finding for alcohol-related crimes, registered in UK.According to the Alcohol-related crimes datase t, in 2013 are recorded4.85% of alcohol-related recorded crimes0.13% of alcohol-related sexual crimes3.63% of alcohol-related violent crimes.Danger 7 Smoking-related deathsSmoking is one of the biggest causes of diseases and deaths in the UK. Annually, around 100,000 people in the UK die from smoking, and many others are living with exhausting smoking-related diseases. Smokers under the age of 40 have a 5 times higher(prenominal) risk of a heart attack than non-smokers. The cigarette consumption is a major causal agent of around 80% of deaths from lung cancer, around 80% of deaths from bronchitis and emphysema, and about 14% of deaths from heart disease. Almost all cancer deaths can be referred to smoking. For instance, cancer of the lung, throat, bladder, mouth, lip, pancreas, kidney, stomach, liver and cervix. Approximately half of all smokers will die earlier. Generally, the smokers die ten years younger than the people who do not smoke. 11Key findings for smoking-related deaths , registered in UK.Figure 7 shows that the most prevalent deaths are from cancers (3, 392, 696) followed by all diseases of the digestive system (2,761, 928), all circulatory diseases (2,059, 112) and all respiratory diseases (1,224,208).Figure 7.1 shows that the larger proportion of deaths are among men.Danger 8 Alcohol-related deathsAfter smoking, the abuse of alcohol is the second most frequent reason of avertible death. The list below counts the causes of death which are related to alcohol consumption 17Key findings for alcohol-related deaths by gender, registered in UK.Figure 8 summarises that 6,490 alcohol-related deaths were registered in UK for 2012, an age consistent rate per 100,000 population.For both genders, males and females, it can be summarised that the most common cause of death from alcohol was the alcoholic liver disease with 4,075 registered deaths.4,230 of alcohol-related deaths were among males compared with females which were 2,260 (Figure 8.1).DATASETSUK gove rnment open data. Available online on https//data.gov.uk/Health and Social Care Information Centre. Dataset of Statistics on Smoking, England. Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_smoking_englandHealth and Social Care Information Centre. Dataset of Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England. Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/smoking_drinking_and_drug_use_among_young_people_in_englandHealth and Social Care Information Centre. Dataset of Statistics on Womens Smoking Status at Time of Delivery England, Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics-on-womens-smoking-status-at-time-of-delivery-englandDepartment of Health. Dataset of Deaths from smoking.Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/deaths_from_smokingHealth and Social Care Information Centre. Dataset of Statistics on Alcohol, England. Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_alcohol_englandCity of York Council. Dataset of Alcohol-relat ed recorded crimes Persons, all ages (per 1,000 population). Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/kpi-lape18City of York Council. Dataset of Alcohol-related violent crimes Persons, all ages (per 1,000 population). Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/kpi-lape19City of York Council. Dataset of Alcohol-related sexual crimes Persons, all ages (per 1,000 population). Available online on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/kpi-lape20Office for National Statistics. Dataset of Alcohol-related deaths in the United Kingdom Available on https//data.gov.uk/dataset/alcohol-related_deaths_in_the_united_kingdomREPORTS BOOKS Health and Social Care Information Centre. Report, Statistics on Smoking, UK (2014)Health and Social Care Information Centre. Report, Statistics on Alcohol, UK (2015)Office for National Statistics. Report of Violent Crime and Sexual Offences Alcohol-Related Violence, 2015Office for National Statistics. Smoking and drinking among adults, 2009Raphael Zahler, Carolin e Piselli. Smoking, alcohol, and drugs, Chapter 6Public Health explore Consortium. Report of A Review of Young People and Smoking in England, 2009Office for National Statistics. Alcohol Related Deaths in United Kingdom, 2013Health and Social Care Information Centre. Report of Smoking, drinking and dru

Rights Based Ethical Theory Social Contract Sociology Essay

Rights Based Ethical Theory Social Contract Sociology tryRecently mesh filtering constitution is non pursued by Australian organization. Therefore, to avoid the unavailability of certain required data to Australian unexclusive. babe vulgarism is the undesirable information which needs to be filter on profits, notwithstanding it is consistent with Australian anti-child carbon black fairnesss, which defines the level of filtering on the internet. This consequence should reflect is Australian government filtering polity is ethical in which ship nookyal and for what single-valued function? Comp ar it with Right ground ethical theory in conjunction to ACS ethics. Moreover, comp atomic number 18 it with the cultivation distinct with your own floriculture and gauge the arguments and attitude of government of that culture with your own culture.PreludeInternet filtering policy by Australian government should be done therefore unsuitable data like child pornography co rporation be controlled. On the other hand, Australian government decide not to seek both changes in internet filtering policy whereby required data is inaccessible to the public and people exemption will be affected. In what ways and purpose Australian government ethically controlling over the internet victimisation Right ground ethical theory in conjunction of ACS codes of ethics. I conceive Australian government is controlling ethical by filtering internet policy to banish child pornography. Therefore, it would stop individual and edict chastely that child pornography is wrong and against integrity. Moreover, comp ar it to right establish ethical theory they are future(a) levelheaded and verificatory right in benefit for individual and society expedience.DefinitionContract based ethical theory is based on pre-moral existence of human being and genial contract, in which individual adopt rights to satisfy their desires to avoid antipathy and sprightliness, motif to be ing moral, respectively. Social contract can be elaborated more how it is motivated individuals or group to being moral because it is the collective of self- refer. Like, it is common- fair play(predicate) agreement, but if we are honest with other then it would be unproblematic for us to trust them and gained the same benefit. Social contract can be divided into ii type legal right and moral right. wakeless right are defined by the government or the law makers and enforced by the law officers of the biotic community. Whereas, moral rights are formed by the society or community culture in which their personal and community relationship involved to follow them. These both rights are enforced to liquefy self-interest and common goods for a society.Define arightas a justified claim that individuals and groups can make upon other individuals or upon society to bedevil a right is to be in a position to determine by ones choices, what others should do or need not do. In the case o f alegal right, the claim mustiness be justified by legal principles and rules. Likewise, amoral rightmust find grounding in moral principles and rules. One form of rights does not necessarily lead to another, although this distinction is not well recognized in contemporary society. (Beauchamp Childress , 2001)This companionable contract is noticed because of its minimalist thousand. In a reason where there is no formal or legal contract they would not behave morally. For example, child is drowning in 4 feet deep water. Therefore, according to minimalist molarity we have no obligation to save that child. This minimalist molarity can be perceived by two principles (1) do no harm, (2) do good. This means we do not harm that child (or anyone else) and do good for our society like free preparation to our community or society. But dont we think its morally good to save that child if we have agency and have no inconvenient to ourselves.Philosophers and legal scholars have practic ally differentiated rights into two kinds (a) positive rights (b) negative rights. Negative right can be explicit we have right to leave another wholly that is not to interfere the rights of others. For example, rights to vote, rights to own a computer. They are negative in a sense that we have right to go to canvass and discombobulate vote to any particular election without the interference of others and right to grease ones palms our own computer. Negative right holder must be mindful that they cannot acquire or expect others that they will take them to voting polls if they cannot travel or purchase them a computer if they cannot afford it because others are not obligated according to their rights. On other hand, positive rights are welfare right like giving education and health oversee to allone. For example, Australian government provides free education till twelve grades to their citizens and relieve oneself medical care even if they cannot afford because positive righ t distinguish that it is their rights to be provided.political science filtering policy and Contract Based TheoryAustralia regimen control ethic over internet security review is focus generally on child pornography, sexual violence, and other ineligible activities. This was compiled as a result of a consumer complaints process. In terms of Contract based theory, Australian government is playing ethical role to stop the maximum illegal activities, sexual violence and child pornography or child offense or exploitation websites and materials and making amendments in Internet filtering policy. Like, in June 2011 two Australian ISPs, Telstra and Optus consent to block the vulnerable access lists of websites and materials to child abuse, provided by appertained govern bodies. This is an example of social contract in which law makers motivate individual and group to being moral for collective self-interest and common goods. This is collective self-interest for society and culture in a sense to save these and their children from child pornography. Government filtering policy is ethics which can also be evaluated by one of the kind of right based theory that is positive rights. This positive rights explicit welfare rights like every individual and community culture should benefit from the government applied role or polices. These child pornography, create public concern and stimulate demand for legislative and other reform. Access by children to pornography and use of children in pornography are recognised as social harms even by those who support the industry. Interestingly there is more government and community concern about pornography. (Jeffries, S., 2008). Therefore, filtering the access of child pornography is applied as positive rights by the government. The purpose government filtered internet policy is to lead legal and moral rights as individual and society or culture. Furthermore, government intractable not to advance the filtering policy to avoid t he unnecessary interference in their freedom of barbarism and aversion from public. In conjunction too fewer of the ACS codes of ethics which are as follows primacy of the public interest, professionalism and enhancement of role of life contributes major insight from right based ethical theory. Right based ethical theory motivated that public should have collective interest with common goods. Comparing rights based theory with professionalism it increases the unity of society and consider other members of the community or society. Moreover, Legal contract bond us to enhance the quality of life of those who are affected by our work.On the other hand, there is a rag of debates against internet filtering policy. They perceive Australian government act is not ethical by filtering internet policies and this law is the waste of money and this internet censorship would be creeping and never ends. For example, some people said filtering policy might make the internet speed worst even so me desirable material would be unavailable like any RC rated material which will include cylinder block access to web pages of bannedfilms andhardcode pornography. This web filtering may easily by pass proxy servers. Those who retaliate against internet censorship they have the following arguments (Dudley-Nicholson, 2011)Child pornography is not ex changing on World Wide Web, but on virtual private network, file sharing sites and compeer to peer networks.No user can opt out of this short of changing to a new ISP.Government is merely blocking URL, change in one sentence will change the complete website and need to get weaving over again.This filtering is very strict that if it swept up the website no address process is available.Therefore, they believe internet censorship is an epic fail because of the above mentioned reasons and they feel their freedom of speech is being interfered. They also do not want child pornography material over the internet but they are against the web filter policy.PropositionAccording to my arguments Australian government controls filtering policy is ethical by applying some necessary web filtering for internet censorship which includes child pornography as their main objective to block. As a result, their society and culture are educated that child inglorious is immoral. To avoid antipathy from public, recently they are not pursuing filtering policy because high web filtering can make desirable data unavailable.My culture vs. other cultureOne of the Arab countries Saudi Arabia is quite distinct from my culture. In Saudi culture they do not allow freedom of speech, particularly womens or anything against their government or their devotion. For example, they dont respect Shia (another religious belief distinct from Saudi religion) Muharram procession and completely banned them. However non-Muslims are free to religion in their own homes. Whereas, Australian culture give rights to their public for freedom of speech whether, its against their government or religion and respect all the religion and culture. Moreover, if Saudi found anyone deemed criticize their Royal Family, government or their religion they might imprison them. Saudi culture is ruled by totalism opposite to Australian culture which is democratic. Their media is also being censored by their government to avoid use of abusive material against their government, royal family and religion. They have a strong content filtering policy over the internet that no type of sex adultery, pornography and other abusive material could be access because they believe its against moral rights, their religion rules and acts and carry death penalty. any(prenominal) their law makers have defined for their society benefit is enforced by the government officials to follow them whether they like or not because their law is based on Holy Book, the Quran. The system is often k todayn as Sharia. In Australia pornography is legal their internet filtering policies is only to stop child pornography because according to their ethics child abusive is immoral act to their society or culture. If compare Saudi government with the attitude of my government, people in my culture there are defined rules and regulation but they are not implemented by the society or culture neither government enforced them. Recently, they have taken an action against internet censorship by blocking pornography website access because they have realized that their youth quality of life is being affected by that. Therefore, its their right to stop abusive material over the internet to save their youth from pornography and sexual abusive materials. In my culture, government allow freedom of speech especially we encourage womens and media. Press media in our culture have duplication ordinary rights for freedom of speech. They bluntly reveal government corruption secrets and around of the times they misused their power by criticising unnecessary to the government and law. Media sometimes portray good things wrongly to the public of our society and culture. Its illegal to criticise Saudi government or their religion and if they found anyone deemed they would imprison them. Government in our culture gives rights to other culture to celebrate their occasions. Like, Christmas, Shia Muharram procession etcetera and because of this different cultural celebrations some other religion get offended and conflict started between different cultures in a society. Saudi governments only allow those events for celebration which are defined by their religion to note decorum. Saudi government try to follow ethics firmly because for them honesty, quality of life and competence matters a lot. To sum up, in Saudi culture their government follows ethics as per defined in their religion. For example, welfare rights The present guarantees the rights of the citizen and his family in cases of emergency, illness and disability, and in old age it supports the system of so cial security and encourages institutions and individuals to contribute in acts of charity, education The state provides public education and pledges to combat illiteracy. (Gulf Legal Services Ltd, 2001). In my viewpoint my culture now there are more divided into diverse cultures, therefore, the culture comes into power or government follow their own cultural rules. This means we do not have particular ethics only follow rules on discretion or ad-hoc basis.

Implications of Growth and Development

Implications of Growth and phylogenesisAn all overview of the Myanmar prudenceSWOT analysis of the Myanmar EconomyMyanmars HDI value is 0.498 economical DriversAgricultureThe emergence of agriculture is a main pillar of Myanmars growth strategies. It is intrinsic for the Myanmar presidency activity to prioritize agriculture as a source of economic growth, since it accounts for 36% of GDP and employs a majority of roil force, and generates nearly 30% of exports t solelyy to 2010 figures. Although the agricultural shargon and employment commonly decline as an economy grows, it is non a sunset industry. Methods make up for increasing agricultures value added other than the growth of dig and land inputs. According to Myanmars report on agriculture, the key strategy is to evoke three productivity measures parturiency, land and total productivity.Successive political relation activitys surrender attempted to reclaim new agricultural land and the legions machine establ ishment (1988-2011) has successfully increased the news s witness area for the last cardinal decades. Cultivable waste other than f eachows go ons at about(predicate) 8% of national territory. Thus, further reclamation of cultivable wasteland in Myanmar is possible. pastoral labor productivity in Myanmar is USD 301/person, the lowest among South Asian countries. focalisation on rice outturn which is Myanmars most important crop, farmers arouse less elaborate irrigation facilities as compared to its rivals equivalent Vietnam.The need of the hour is mechanisation which is a way to improve labor productivity. It can withal enhance total agricultural productivity by adopting a new system of acquiring quality seeds, farm management, and improvement in post-harvest system, processing, and marketing to bequeath high-quality agricultural products.Since agriculture is non rice dominate like a shot, Myanmar could diversify crops correspond market demand. Its targets call for mov ing a long the value chain of production from farming to higher value added activities such as R and D and after production activities like services, distribution and marketing.Although it does not seem like the agricultural sector get out be absorbing to a greater extent labor force in the long term.MiningMyanmar is rich in instinctive resources. 90% of the worlds rubies come from Myanmar. The country is as well as cognise for producing sapphires. While this is a sector which can be banked upon, inhuman works conditions in quarries and the governances control on the trade by means of direct ownership of mines hinders major countries from importing gems from Myanmar. A thoroughgoing(a) ban has been encouraged by the Human Rights Watch as all the profits are directly hoarded by the ruling government.This lack of take by the parties in originator result in the continuation of the worthless conditions of workers at the mines resulting in zero exports. While there is a panoram a here to earn a fair amount of profit for the economy, the rulers require not to concern themselves with the development of the working conditions causing unwanted bolshy for the economy.HealthThe government spends 2% of its GDP on healthcare facilities. 2% is a significant amount as compared to the actual GDP that this economy earns. The health standards are stable but not accelerating in impairment of quality and the ability to cater to a expectant population. Despite equal funds, this economy is faced with a string of healthcare problems which can be explained by both factors. Insufficient no. of doctors owning to lack of pedagogics and the fasting spreading epidemic of a variety of unhealthinesss.Low purchasing power explains the inaccessibility to basic nutrition and fodder by yet a enceinte population thusly increasing the load on the healthcare infrastructure.The incidence of major infectious diseases takes a toll on the health levels ultimately affecting the pr ofession of the person. If the take of patients is large, poor and low health check facilities do not suffice.Myanmar suffers from epidemics such as -Food or waterborne diseases Bacterial and Protozoal diarrhoea, Hepatitis A, and Typhoid fever Vector borne diseases Dengue fever, Malaria, and Japanese encephalitis Water contact disease Leptospirosis Animal contact disease RabiesMyanmar does not baffle highly specialized medical institutions or even sufficient no. of clinics to cater to the large no. of diseased.The Burmese Minstry of health recognizes HIV as a disease of concern.EducationThe in a higher place figures indicate a lot legion(predicate) factors to consider. There seems to be intimately no gender disparity in damage of literacy. And in army to sustain oneself in a developing economy, the ability to read or write overpowers the level of education attained.As observed, the enrolment ratios decline from master(a) to collateral to post secondary. This suggests that t here is no strong inclination of world academically sound. This can be owed to the fact that Myanmar is an agrarian economy which employs most 60% of its population thus indicating that all drop outs are acquire absorbed in the labour force. This is a good sign as then the unemployment rate remains an all eon low. But in order to progress into a developed economy, the sectoral employment should tend towards the tertiary sector and not the radical sector like in the circumstance of Myanmar.It is also upto the government to promote the importance of education. On the contrary, in Myanmar, owe to the military regime which was standing for a very long time treated education for civilians as relatively unimportant. It was only concerned with the development of military universities.The effects of this approach can be seen even today with the low enrollment rates.According to the Bertelsmann Stiftung Transformation Index report of 2012, since the government does not provide enough coin to the schools, and the schools charge children many fees, many parents in rural areas cannot afford to send their children to school beyond the primary level. Although 85% of children attend primary school, over 40% do not go on to middle school (UNDP, 2010). The quality of higher-level education has also declined, especially since the government began encouraging university students to take distance-learning courses.Employment on the secondary and the tertiary sector is to a large extent dependent on school and high school education. The Secondary enrollment rate is 54.28% which is not very remarkable as this means fewer batch will enter business and management and other vocations like medicine.The funds allocated for education spending are 0.8% of Myanmars GDP in 2013. It has decreased compared to 2009 when it was about 1% of GDP. Throughout all years however, the military budget continues to remain above 20% which is a clear indicator of the fact that the long standing re gime has complete control and dominance over how the government in power decides to allocate its funds.Military medical and engineering universities have been established so that the military will have properly happy doctors and engineers.The military has hardly expressed any inte stand-in in expend in Research and Development. It almost never heeds to or approaches any technocrat for advice with date to policy-making. Thus everything undertaken is military oriented and favourable to the army divisions on all accounts.In recent years however, the no. of one-on-one school allowed to overt has increased and trends show that the elite class have enrolled their children in private schools due to the poor quality of public schools.Class structures and Gender inequalityIn Myanmar, the gender gap in power has been reinforced and perpetuated by the long history of militarization. Top offices are reserved for the military. Active military service does not admit women. They are also thu s efficaciously excluded from political participation. Ethnic minorities are also excluded to a very large extent. Women have also been ineligible for the employment opportunities, access to educational facilities, materialize to enter the business world, participating in joint ventures created by the military status.Pre 1962, there was a humbled elite concentrated in government administration, party bureaucracy and the military on the one hand, while the peasants, small traders, business and hired laborers were on the other hand. In between the two now, is a very small group of middle-class people and competent workers.Accordingly, the primary problem is Myanmars class structure which appears to be in a subject of extensive flowing. The need of bridging the gap between the elites and the rest of the population and facilitate communication could be achieved by a more institutionalized differentiation of the sub-elite strata. The non congruent status groups could be capable of armed service as intermediaries between the elites and the more sophisticated, differentiated population.Living Standards70% of Myanmars population yet lives in the rural areas. The rate of urbanization is that 2.49%.According to reports, the trend of expenditure across is households is, 70% on food and the rest on healthcare and education. The rate of savings is low thus the rate of investments is also low.Despite Myanmar being a large producer of rice, it comes as a surprise that more than 5 million people are living under the food poverty line. (The Food and uncouth Organization, 2009)Access to clean drinking water and a considerably gibe rate of sanitation facilities cannot suffice the development path of an economy. The area tapped by electricity does not cover even half the inhabited land. Since the factories and industrial places cannot operate without electricity, it is safe to assume that the number of household covered in this 47% is going to be far less.Banking, Forei gn Borrowings, ExportsAccording to the inheritance Foundations 2011 sparing Freedom index, Myanmar is one of the worlds 10 most repressive economies. In 2003, the rice market was officially liberalised but the government has maintained significant interventions and restrictions in terms of allowable cultivation areas, production, transportation, export policy, and choice of crops.Currency convertibility is difficult in Myanmar according to the IMF report. The official exchange rate has been fixed at approximately sise kyat per U.S. dollar, while since 2009, the real market exchange rate has been around guanine kyat. In the domestic market, since market leaders are in accordance of rights with the military and a handful of cronies, there is no market contestability at the level of large enterprises. Although the environment for middle-sized businesses shows better market contestability, market penetration barriers for companies are still huge.Myanmar has been a World Trade Orga nization (WTO) segment since 1995, foreign trade has not been liberalized in reality, because of its extensively controlled economy. The country is the least(prenominal) open to trade among its Southeast Asian neighbours. Myanmar also has a large in imposing trade in arms, narcotics and forest products.The banking system are dominated by state owned banks and the government has complete control over the profound bank. There is no proper capital market although the number of private banks is more than a dozen. Myanmar is unable to establish a commonplace market, and has no real market for bonds.Although banks in Myanmar operate under formal regulations, but with hardly any supervision and enforcement. The banking system is not transparent.The central bank has not enforced a consistent and effective pomposity control policy, or an appropriate foreign exchange policy. Since the Central banks is wholly controlled by the government, it has imposed arbitrary policies such as printin g money to solve budget deficits, leading to fluctuating inflation rates. The government has also made arbitrary decisions such as to increase salaries sharply and draw patronage subsidies.Myanmar lacks consistent and sound pecuniary and debt policies to support macroeconomic stability. Instead, its arbitrary fiscal and debt policies are motivated primarily by political concerns.Private attributeIn Myanmar, there is no effective protection of property rights, including talented property rights. According to the 2008 constitution, the state ultimately owns all the land and natural resources, although it permits some exercise of private property rights. This means that citizens can own land, but that the state can confiscate the property if it so desires. In fact, most ordinary people do not have intelligent title to their land and other property. The state has confiscated many private plots for government projects, including the establishment of military camps and businesses, wi thout providing compensation.To attract foreign investment, special economic regulate laws include protection for foreign investors, but these are still conditional to the extent that they may not contradict existing laws. This gives leeway for the state to intervene. A wave of privatization of state assets and enterprises was performed suddenly in 2009 2010, and was not do in accordance with market principles. The process was neither transparent nor competitive, since the government sold the assets very quietly and quickly to a handful of enterprises with culture military ties.Myanmar has no official social safety nets, and poverty is widespread. However, family members, friends and sacred organizations have traditionally provided a social safety-net function, especially in terms of helping with food, clothing and accommodation, although widespread poverty and the paucity of job opportunities in the country has weakened this over time. As a result, tens of thousands of young a nd old Myanmar have travelled to bordering countries including Thailand, Malaysia, China and India to work as migrant labourers. found on statistics from reports, many send remittances back to their family members, a factor more and more becoming a primary source of financial support for those leftover inside the country. However, the amount of remittances seems to have gone down in 2009 in the wake of the global economic slowdown, during which some migrant workers lost their jobs and went back home.Political factors which lead to migrants leaving their state of origin for other countries are the risk of persecution, suppression of rights, human rights abuses, political and/or ethnic oppression, familiar violence and/or armed conflict are considered political factors.Those deemed as political migrants are often considered refugees. Economic factors include the following transnational labour migration movements triggered by economic factors such as poverty andEconomic underdevel opment in countries of origin and the existence of considerable discrepanciesin standards of living and return between these countries and receivingMany Burmese migrants quote economic hardship and an heavy taxation system asreasons for migration.

Traditional Chinese Values Or Norms Religion Essay

Traditional Chinese Values Or Norms faith EssayChinese conventional set influence not yet the Chinese merely also the world. China has been civilized for five thousands age ago. It regards to be one of the earliest counties in the world who become civilization. It has the wide contri preciselyion to the world. In this retentive term development of China, there atomic number 18 numerous Chinese thought appeared. One of the most famous and longitude doctrine is Confucianism. It shapes the Chinese traditional value and also affected the Chinese deeply. The trinity Confucian who are Kongzi, Mengzi, and Xunzi, so called Ru, construct the mainstream of the Chinese thought. Confucianism is the principle of the Chinese goodity. It is begins with Confucius, whose Chinese make believe was Kong Qiu and who lived from 551 to 479 B.C.E.Confucian referred to Confucianism, the mainstream consciousness in ancient China, Since the Han halt of history, Confucian becomes the vast majorit y of Chinas official ideology. It is also the general mainstream of the Chinese ideological foundation. Confucianism in China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia and around the world has far-r from all(prenominal) oneing impact. much(prenominal) of this idea is founded by Confucius Confucius was born in 551 B. C. in Changping Country of the Lu State. His name was Qiu and styled Zhongni. Confucius, the main points and comments, were compiled by revenue by his disciples of The Analects of Confucius. match to the Confucius, its ethical teachings include the following value Jen, Li, Hsiao, Yi, Xin, Chung where Jen is the interchange idea, Li, Hsiao, Yi, Xin, Chung , etc. for suffice purposes. Confucian values covered different aspects. There are ethics, semi governmental thought, Heaven Thought, Educational Thought. All this values become the dominant sacred in the feudal society. And right offadays some of them still affected hu earthly concern being thought. Here result list seve ral of them showing the thought that taught by Confucius.Lets talk most the ethics part of Confucianism. Jen refers to the highest ideal of unifying the variant ethical. It is also the highest standards of personal accomplishment. The definitions of Jen are multiple. Jen means concourse who are benevolent, clemency among concourse. The connotations of benevolent are anti-aggression patriotism, filial piety, fraternal duty, loyalty, with respect and righteousness. Confucius accent on Jen and this value influence Chinese peoples morality.Historically speaking, our ancestors placed heavy(p) emphasis on filial piety. According to Xue Er The philosopher Zeng said, Let there be a careful attention to perform the funeral rites to parents, and let them be followed when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice then the virtue of the people go out repossess its proper excellence. 1This means does not disgrace the name of the ancestors and invariably bring forward the teachings o f their ancestors, carry forward the traditional virtues to the new generation. More than 2000 years ago, Zeng this remark, not exactly emphasis filial piety in the importance of propriety, but also tells of their ancestors to show filial piety that the right behavior.Confucius attached great importance to etiquette. According to Wei Ling Gong The Master said, The superior man in everything considers righteousness to be essential. He performs it according to the rules of propriety. 2 Which means everything should be courtesy. Beca commit Chinese are seriously affected by the Confucius that everything should need to be having etiquette.Li means pay tribute to the known. It is the scope of morality and permeates peoples mundane liveness which embodies the peoples moral values, determine the criteria of peoples contacts and guide peoples actions. Li is the essence of crowned head and officials, hierarchy, high and low levels of equal status level is its core.Beside, the other of the traditional Chinese value is that having new generation is the way to show filial piety. It is a very serious that if you did not engender a children in the past. It will be perceived as the non filial piety .And today such of this thought still exist in the society.Last but not the least, Traditional Chinese society is still patriarchal society, Confucianism has been the cardinal idea of living in socio-cultural, women were not exactly shun the political level, the six kinds of homosexual relations also showing the position of women is the final next-lun. Under the thought of the Confucius, Male are dominant the society. Male is superiority, female person seldom going to school. They should fallow the males words and respect them. The rule of them are when they are before marriage, they should practise their father. After their marriage, they should obey their hundred. When they are old, they should obey their son. In the way, it usher out see that as a wife play on men an d always with a man as the central purpose of life. A womans only virtue can be ignore.The values listed above are only part of the Chinese traditional values. Chinese traditional cultures have enduring value. Lin YuTang says that the Chinese people in square life, 3 Confucianism played a leading role and dominate the daily life of Chinese people. However, along with the influence of the western culture, now see that the crisis of Chinese culture, Chinas traditional idea has been replaced by the concept of the West. Also the traditional moral value has been replaced by a modern market value. Materialist has achieved in a market economy then some of our values have been little important than before.The most obvious changes are Chinese people towards nature. In ancient times, little is known about human nature, whenever lightning storm, people panic, overwhelmed, and only pray for God. They know that nature could do without human beings. Humanity has entered the scientific era, they willing to transformation and conquest of nature.4 Initially, human view god is the biggest. Confucius fears that overly much equipment and personnel caused by excessive division of labor will destroy the natural. However, such of this concept is less(prenominal) important now.In lay out to break through a scarcity of resources, modern scientific expert transformation of nature also undermined the ecological. Humans create a more than convenient and more prosperous life in expensive of the nature. such of this thought is showed that Human does not respect nature as before. Nowadays, they hypothesize that human is the biggest in the world. It is due to the rapid technology development.In the attitude of the structural functionalism, It considered that society need o perform certain functions to concur their existence. 5 Functional theorist perceived society as an organism and each part of the society should be functioned well in order to view as the process of the society healthy. In this case as people no longstanding regard nature to be importance but the human is. They destroy nature, because to meet human of necessity. The population for food and daily needs are growing and upgrading. If you do not meet their needs, it will only bring out the malfunction of the society. Therefore, at the expense of human nature, the use of technology is to make the worlds smooth operation. So, the natural thought is no longer important than before.The second value, which now declining, is the status value because of the concept of equation. In the former Patriarchal society, womens status decline, resulting in male superiority. Also it form a men outside the home, women inside the home idea. Confucianism advocates women should have the trey from the four virtues However, such of this value have been declined. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, there were some Chinese reformers reform movement, which many put forward the concept of equality bet ween the sexes. Position as it is to be an unprecedented increase.In the perspective of the friendly conflict theorists, they perceived the material is the root of the conflict. People who own the majority of the material will have the power to change the value. The development of the feminist movement in modern China can be seen initial courage to argufy traditional female or more due to father and familiar or husbands encouragement and support. After a hundred years time, women in political, social participation, whether in China or other countries have importantly improved and achievement, Because of the female has own the power in these aspect so the value of Male-dominated can be changed . In social conflict possibleness considered that the value change because of the gender conflict and the male get escape in this conflict.The third one I would like to talk about which is the less significant of the etiquette. LI is ever-present in a traditional society. Book of Rites, r ecorded in the ancient family rituals. For example, children should give greetings to their parents every morning. As we stress on the titles to our parents in order to show our respect to them. directly this trend has been change. Children even called the full name of their parents. Such of this change are affected by the western culture. The foreigner will call their parents name directly. From this aspect, we can see that the Traditional etiquette is no longer important imagine of the symbolic interaction perspective, it focus on the interaction of the people. It focuses of the communication of each of the people. 6 In the view of this aspect the declining of the emphasis on etiquette is the result of the people interaction. Due to the influx of Western culture, Chinese people and the West have frequent contacts. Though the contact with them to learn Western manners. The Western people are less obsessed with etiquette. For example Westerners like to address him by the name of th eir parents. As time goes by, such of this value become less emphasis due to the interaction of the western culture.In conclusion, as it can be seen from the above examples, even if some of the values remained the hearts of Chinese people. For example We will still obey our parents, to obey the teachings of elders. However, some values are no longer re-before-like influences our decision-making. Like mentioned above, we adapt the concept of pile has been since the development of society, from a passive to an active. As before, we adapt to nature to survive, now we change it. Also, because the Wests culture shock, we do not re-used to the pursuit of etiquette. Moreover, because the concept of equality and womens rights movement began. The male-dominated Confucian concept has been greatly lowered.Ancient Confucianism far-reaching effects of traditional Chinese culture, since the Han Dynasty exclusive emphasis on Confucianism, the Confucian is convenient genuine in China. It continue d to affect the Chinese people. In Kuhnians words, nature information will change when the time pass. 7 It is the normal evolution of the society. Society is always progressing. If it continues using the old ideas, it will only impede economic and social development.

William Lyon Mackenzie :: essays research papers

William Lyon MackenzieWilliam Lyon Mackenzies manner can best be understood if man and legend argon separated. William was born on March 12, 1795 in Scotland. Three weeks after his birth, his father, Daniel, purportedly died, but no record of his death has ever been found. William and his mother were verbalize to gone through great hardship, having to move off of Daniels land.After despicable to Dundee, William, who went by the names Willie or Lyon, entered the Dundee Parish School at the age of five, with the tending of a bursary. At fifteen, he was the youngest member of thecommercial newsroom of the local newspaper. He also belonged to a scientific society, where he met Edward Lesslie, and his son, James. These two would be Williams patrons throughout most of his life.In 1820, William sailed to Canada with John, another son of Edward Lesslie. Mackenzie was immediately impressed with top(prenominal) Canada. Before the end of the year, Mackenzie was writing for the York Obser ver under the name of MercatorIn 1824, Mackenzie started his most famous newspaper, the Colonial Advocate. The first edition appeared on may 18, 1824. The sole purpose of this paper was to sway the opinions of the voters in the next election.On June 8, 1826, a group of fifteen, young, well connected Tories disguised themselves as Indians, and stony-broke into Mackenzies York office in broad daylight. They smashed his printing press, then threw it into the bay. The Tories did zip fastener to compensate him, so it was clear that they were involved. Mackenzie ntook them to court, and seeing that their disguise had been seen through, they offered Mackenzie 200. He refused, and after a bitter trial, the court awarded him 625.In March of 1829, Mackenzie went to the United States to buy books for resale, and to instruction the actions of the newly appointed Andrew Jackson. He compared the simplicity and the cost of American organization to Canadas, and saw that their spoils system mi ght be a way of doing forward with some Family Compact members.When an assembly met in January of 1831, Mackenzie fully immersed himself into its proceedings. He demanded inquiries into abuse, and insisted on a review of representation in the province. He appointed batch on the council to fight for what he, himself wanted, while what he personally did angered and cockeyed the Tory members of parliament.On December 12, 1831, Mackenzie was voted out of parliament on a vote of 24 to 15.

Devil on the Cross by Ngugi wa Thiong’o Essays -- African Authors Ken

Devil on the Cross was written by Ngugi while he was imprisoned. He was held without trail by a political science that tried to silence him. The out come was a book that was angiotensin-converting enzyme of the centurys greatest novels by the Tribune. In the following passages I plan to explain the meaning of four characters that are affected by capital class. The speaker of the passage She sat down on a box is the gorgeous protagonist Jacinta Wariinga. Jacinta Wariinga is a young beautiful melanize woman who easily stops men in their tracks. She is alike(p) approval dinner, a feast for the eyes. Jacinta moves with grace when she is without self-conscious. Underneath all her beauty, she is a suicidal person who hates her blackness. Jacinta truly hates her blackness be causality she uses skin-lightening plectrons. The skin-lightening cream rejects her skin subterfuge because the cream knows that which is born black can never be white. She intelligibly suffers from Cultural Imp erialism. Cultural Imperialism has wiped out the music, culture and art some. The military has taken over lands for their own personal use, economic stability can non be reached between classes because the gap between the rich and poor has change magnitude and political power is the only thing of importance. The people are of no importance because if they were better living conditions and necessary items would be more accessible. Jacintas color coated thinking has led her to believe that her appearance is the root cause of all her problems. Jacinta analysiss her many problems with a small mirror. Jacinta is utilize a small mirror for lowly problems when she needs to be utilise a mirror like the one in my room, 7feet tall by 5 feet wide. With that mirror she can examine all the cultural imperialism flaws and not just her materialistic problems. The small mirror depicts her problems to be petty. If Jacinta truly wanted to analyze all of her problems she should a use a mirror l ike the one in my room, 5 by 7, she can distinctly notice all of her flaws. Ngugi, clearly tried to show that her problems are petty because the size of the mirror. The speaker of the passage Have I been on the thoroughfare all this time is Robin Mwaura the rapper. Robin Mwaura is a false artist. He is a trickster, a con artist, in todays fiat Robin Mwaura would is considered a rapper, a great one at that. Mwaura would be an excellent rapper because h... ...He thinks he does, but in reality he doesnt. Professor Gatuirira is trying to create a lie, but he doesnt know he is. Music can create art for many human voices when it is true. The art the professor is trying to create is false. It is a go after over from American culture to African culture. He has yet comprise the tune because it is all white wash. Nothing that the professor studies to create his interior(a) anthem is relevant to his current situation. Even though he thinks it is right wing to create a national anthem, there is a flipside to this. That reality that the professor fails to see includes factions and class struggle. Africa is plagued by gender and sexism. It makes it difficulty for women to find jobs. The development of middle and lower class by the upper class is selfishness. The selfishness leads to towering corruption because everyone is trying to get rich. Nothing of what the professor wants the people to babble is true.Devil on the Cross shows the affects of the capital class. The age of Enlightenment dealt with cogitate and progress. Where the capital class tries to roadblock the ideas of the age of Enlightenment, it is up to the people to filling up the ball and succeed

Creatine :: essays research papers fc

creatin and Ephedrine Bill Romanowski, Shannon Sharpe, and Mark McGwire, argon just a few of the professional athletes that use and endorse fitness accessorys such as Androstendione, creatin, and other products. Every on camera interview that you see Shannon Sharpe he is wearing an EAS mock turtleneck. EAS is one of the leading manufacturers of creatine and other accessorys. The hottest supplement in Hollywood is Ephedrine an herbal based drug designed to add fat loss. Why do so many athletes use supplements? Who is use the supplements? How abide I get supplements? Those are a few of the questions I sop up tried to answer in this report. Purpose of the Study The solve of this study is to educate. To educate not only the athletes using the supplements such as Creatine and Ephedrine but to alike educate the governing bodies of collegiate sports. Answers were sought-after(a) to the following questions 1. Who is using Creatine and/or Ephedrine based products? 2. Why are they us ing supplements? 3. Are these products easily available? 4. Should the NCAA increase regulations on subsidiary usage? Methods and procedures used to formulate this report I used patriarchal and secondary research methods. I used the Internet as a focal point for my research. There were many sites devoted strictly to supplement usage and education on subjects related to the supplements, Creatine and Ephedrine. I also used muscle magazines and books for research. For primary research I gave forty questionnaires (see vermiform appendix 2) to twenty women and twenty men from Husson College. Background on Creatine What is Creatine When I gestate of Creatine I dont think of a body building supplement I think of an abet to recuperation. Like an aspirin you take if you have a headache, an athlete takes Creatine if they have chronic sore muscles from continuously working out. Creatine is a compound that can be made in our body. It is taken as a strength supplement. The chemical name for Creatine is methyl guanidine-acetic acid. The pipe organ that produces the bodies Creatine is the liver. The amount of natural Creatine in the body can be increased or decreased depending on our diet(Absolute). How much Creatine do we have in our body? A 160-pound person would have approximately 120 grams of Creatine stored in their body (The Beg). The actor Creatine is such a hot commodity is because 95-98% of the Creatine in our body is stored in our muscles.

Use with caution: Turnitin.com :: plagiarism detection software

Use with watchfulness Turnitin.comby Valerie Balester, Executive DirectorWe were informed this past summer by Instructional Technology Services that students should not include identifying information on work submitted to Turnitin.com. ITS is concerned about reservations expressed by the U.S. Department of fostering regarding student privacy and FERPA regulations. However, some professionals within the field of composition dictation cast other concerns plagiarism detection parcel like Turnitin does much than damage, many of us fear, than violating privacy. One of the most influential professional organizations in composition, the Conference on College Communication and Composition (CCCC), for example, suggests that plagiarism detection parcel undermines students authority everywhere the uses of their own writing (http//ccccip.org/files/CCCC-IP-PDS-Statement-final.pdf).Why, you might ask, should we care? later all, student writing is just practice writing, and it doesnt real ly press for anything. Its not like our writing, by which we make our bread and butter. besides when we treat student writing as inconsequential, so do students, and the resultant is the careless, poorly written drivel that we squander been trying to obliterate with W courses. Students who do not feel pride of ownership and control over their work allow for not give it the time and attention it ineluctably to be excellent.Beyond this basic concern is the atmosphere plagiarism software detection programs can create, the expectation that students will cheat, that they are basically untrusty in their work. This atmosphere undermines trust and make writing even more distasteful. Its just another trap, another hurdle to jump earlier graduation. Students are encouraged to see writing for college as a patch rather than as an integral part of their education. We dont pauperism that.The CCCC also worries that programs like Turnitin will make college faculty complacent by shifting r esponsibility for detecting plagiarism onto technology. Its only a matter of time before students learn to beat the software. I have personally tested it with my students, asking them to cheat many of their transgressions went undetected by Turnitin. Students who run originality reports that come out clean may still have made mistakes, but if they rely too heavily on the report, they will not know it.After all, learning citation properly is far-off more than learning a set of rules, a style, the correct spatial relation of commas and capital letters. Learning citation is first and foremost learning how a discipline creates and disseminates knowledge. It is subtle, takes many years to master, and is the mark of a professional.

An Analysis of Two Scenes in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Es

An Analysis of ii Scenes in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Juxtaposing dickens scenes in a narrative allows them to be easily compared and contrasted. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby, two such scenes quest specific attention. The impromptu party that is thrown by tomcat Buchanan and his mistress, myrtle Wilson, followed immediately by Jay Gatsbys party at his house, tender for the attention of the proofreader because of the implications of these contiguous scenes. The result of analyzing the two scenes is that one screw infer accredited qualities of each mans character. By paying specific enlarge to the dcor of the parties, the pry that each character commands from people at their parties, the guests who survive at the parties, and the boilers suit purpose of hosting the party, one erect deduce that Tom and Gatsby are glacial opposites. The first element of the parties that should be examined is the dcor of myrtle Wilsons flat compared to that of Gatsbys house. In the first line describing the apartment, the narrator, Nick Carraway, informs the reader of the omit of comfort in the apartment and the ensuing awkwardness of the setting The apartment was on the come about floor - a small living room, a small eat room, a small bedroom and a clean (33). Nicks description makes it astonishingly clear to the reader how unhappy and unpleasant the billet was, not plainly for himself, but for Tom and Myrtle, as well as the other guests in attendance, Catherine, Myrtles sister, and the McKees, neighbors who live in the same building. One can imagine the walls close to closing in because of the overcrowding furniture, the overpowering size and force out of Tom and his ego, and the outsized picture of Myrtles ... ...orks Cited and Consulted Allen, Joan. The Great Gatsby and Modern Times. Urbana U of Illinois P, 1994. deKoster, Katie, ed. Readings on The Great Gatsby. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998. Higgins, stool A. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Study of the Stories. saucily York St. Johns UP, 1971. Hindus, Milton. F. Scott Fitzgerald An Introduction and Interpretation. recent York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968. Matterson, Stephen. The Great Gatsby. capital of the United Kingdom Macmillan, 1990. Pelzer, Linda Claycomb. Student Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Westport, CT Greenwood P, 2000. Piper, Henry Dan. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Critical Portrait. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965. Zhang, Aiping. Enchanted Places The Use of Setting in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Fiction. Westport, CT Greenwood P, 1997. An Analysis of Two Scenes in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby EsAn Analysis of Two Scenes in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Juxtaposing two scenes in a narrative allows them to be easily compared and contrasted. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby, two such scenes require specific attention. The impromptu party that is thrown by Tom Buchanan and his mis tress, Myrtle Wilson, followed immediately by Jay Gatsbys party at his house, call for the attention of the reader because of the implications of these contiguous scenes. The result of analyzing the two scenes is that one can infer certain qualities of each mans character. By paying specific detail to the dcor of the parties, the respect that each character commands from people at their parties, the guests who arrive at the parties, and the overall purpose of hosting the party, one can deduce that Tom and Gatsby are polar opposites. The first element of the parties that should be examined is the dcor of Myrtle Wilsons apartment compared to that of Gatsbys house. In the first line describing the apartment, the narrator, Nick Carraway, informs the reader of the lack of comfort in the apartment and the ensuing awkwardness of the setting The apartment was on the top floor - a small living room, a small dining room, a small bedroom and a bath (33). Nicks description makes it amazingly cl ear to the reader how unhappy and unpleasant the situation was, not only for himself, but for Tom and Myrtle, as well as the other guests in attendance, Catherine, Myrtles sister, and the McKees, neighbors who live in the same building. One can imagine the walls virtually closing in because of the overcrowding furniture, the overpowering size and strength of Tom and his ego, and the oversized picture of Myrtles ... ...orks Cited and Consulted Allen, Joan. The Great Gatsby and Modern Times. Urbana U of Illinois P, 1994. deKoster, Katie, ed. Readings on The Great Gatsby. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998. Higgins, John A. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Study of the Stories. New York St. Johns UP, 1971. Hindus, Milton. F. Scott Fitzgerald An Introduction and Interpretation. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968. Matterson, Stephen. The Great Gatsby. London Macmillan, 1990. Pelzer, Linda Claycomb. Student Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Westport, CT Greenwood P, 2000. Piper, Henry D an. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Critical Portrait. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965. Zhang, Aiping. Enchanted Places The Use of Setting in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Fiction. Westport, CT Greenwood P, 1997.

Behaviorism Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

Background and Description of Behaviorism in Relation to acquireThe background of behaviorism is associated with many scientists. Behaviorism started back in cd BC with Aristotle. Aristotle believed in association and that the objects being associated are similar, or opposite, or near each other. Then, behaviorism came into play with Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. He studied the behavior of dogs and how they would salivating (conditioned reflex) when shown just the food for thought dish without food (conditioned stimulus or conditioned response). Next, John B. Watson wrote a book called Behavior, where he described psychology as the process where behavior can be predicted and controlled. Watson also studied how learning can be achieved through a repeated stimulus and specific responses. Edward Thorndike described behaviorism as a description of a mans mind is that it is his connection system, adapting the responses of thought, feeling, and challenge that he makes to the sit uation that he meets. Thorndike also studied how the law of termination and law of exercise affects a persons learning abilities. In other words, if an individual is positively reinforced, without punishment, and if a stimulus was followed by a response with repeated practice, stronger learning would coin place. One of the main behaviouristic that will be discussed is B.F. Skinner. Skinner studied what individuals do and dont do in relation to behavior. He also believed that the actions that people take are in response to whatever happened to them in their past. Skinner came up with the idea of operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, the organisms behavior (response) is controlled by the use of positive reinforcement (stimulus) (Behaviorism As a ... ...orida Harcourt Brace & Company.Nnedu, Cordelia. (1997, November 19) Auburn University Educational Foundations, Leaderships, and Technology. EM 600 Behaviorism. Retrieved on October 29, 1999 from the World massive nett htt p//www.auburn.edu/academic/education/eflt/beh.htmlOrmrod, Jeanne, E. (1995). Human Learning. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc.Shrock, Sharon, A.(1995). A Brief History of Instructional Development. In G. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology Past, stick in and Future (p. 15-16). Englewood, CO Libraries Unlimited, Inc.White, Andy. (1995) Theorist of Behaviorism. Retrieved on October 29, 1999 from the World Wide Web http//www.coe.missouri.edu/t377/btheorists.htmlUHCL Home Page Behaviorism As A Learning Theory. (1995, June 13) Retrieved on October 29, 1999 from the World Wide Web http//inst.cl.uh.edu/inst5931/Behaviorism.html