Implications of Growth and Development

Implications of Growth and phylogenesisAn all overview of the Myanmar prudenceSWOT analysis of the Myanmar EconomyMyanmars HDI value is 0.498 economical DriversAgricultureThe emergence of agriculture is a main pillar of Myanmars growth strategies. It is intrinsic for the Myanmar presidency activity to prioritize agriculture as a source of economic growth, since it accounts for 36% of GDP and employs a majority of roil force, and generates nearly 30% of exports t solelyy to 2010 figures. Although the agricultural shargon and employment commonly decline as an economy grows, it is non a sunset industry. Methods make up for increasing agricultures value added other than the growth of dig and land inputs. According to Myanmars report on agriculture, the key strategy is to evoke three productivity measures parturiency, land and total productivity.Successive political relation activitys surrender attempted to reclaim new agricultural land and the legions machine establ ishment (1988-2011) has successfully increased the news s witness area for the last cardinal decades. Cultivable waste other than f eachows go ons at about(predicate) 8% of national territory. Thus, further reclamation of cultivable wasteland in Myanmar is possible. pastoral labor productivity in Myanmar is USD 301/person, the lowest among South Asian countries. focalisation on rice outturn which is Myanmars most important crop, farmers arouse less elaborate irrigation facilities as compared to its rivals equivalent Vietnam.The need of the hour is mechanisation which is a way to improve labor productivity. It can withal enhance total agricultural productivity by adopting a new system of acquiring quality seeds, farm management, and improvement in post-harvest system, processing, and marketing to bequeath high-quality agricultural products.Since agriculture is non rice dominate like a shot, Myanmar could diversify crops correspond market demand. Its targets call for mov ing a long the value chain of production from farming to higher value added activities such as R and D and after production activities like services, distribution and marketing.Although it does not seem like the agricultural sector get out be absorbing to a greater extent labor force in the long term.MiningMyanmar is rich in instinctive resources. 90% of the worlds rubies come from Myanmar. The country is as well as cognise for producing sapphires. While this is a sector which can be banked upon, inhuman works conditions in quarries and the governances control on the trade by means of direct ownership of mines hinders major countries from importing gems from Myanmar. A thoroughgoing(a) ban has been encouraged by the Human Rights Watch as all the profits are directly hoarded by the ruling government.This lack of take by the parties in originator result in the continuation of the worthless conditions of workers at the mines resulting in zero exports. While there is a panoram a here to earn a fair amount of profit for the economy, the rulers require not to concern themselves with the development of the working conditions causing unwanted bolshy for the economy.HealthThe government spends 2% of its GDP on healthcare facilities. 2% is a significant amount as compared to the actual GDP that this economy earns. The health standards are stable but not accelerating in impairment of quality and the ability to cater to a expectant population. Despite equal funds, this economy is faced with a string of healthcare problems which can be explained by both factors. Insufficient no. of doctors owning to lack of pedagogics and the fasting spreading epidemic of a variety of unhealthinesss.Low purchasing power explains the inaccessibility to basic nutrition and fodder by yet a enceinte population thusly increasing the load on the healthcare infrastructure.The incidence of major infectious diseases takes a toll on the health levels ultimately affecting the pr ofession of the person. If the take of patients is large, poor and low health check facilities do not suffice.Myanmar suffers from epidemics such as -Food or waterborne diseases Bacterial and Protozoal diarrhoea, Hepatitis A, and Typhoid fever Vector borne diseases Dengue fever, Malaria, and Japanese encephalitis Water contact disease Leptospirosis Animal contact disease RabiesMyanmar does not baffle highly specialized medical institutions or even sufficient no. of clinics to cater to the large no. of diseased.The Burmese Minstry of health recognizes HIV as a disease of concern.EducationThe in a higher place figures indicate a lot legion(predicate) factors to consider. There seems to be intimately no gender disparity in damage of literacy. And in army to sustain oneself in a developing economy, the ability to read or write overpowers the level of education attained.As observed, the enrolment ratios decline from master(a) to collateral to post secondary. This suggests that t here is no strong inclination of world academically sound. This can be owed to the fact that Myanmar is an agrarian economy which employs most 60% of its population thus indicating that all drop outs are acquire absorbed in the labour force. This is a good sign as then the unemployment rate remains an all eon low. But in order to progress into a developed economy, the sectoral employment should tend towards the tertiary sector and not the radical sector like in the circumstance of Myanmar.It is also upto the government to promote the importance of education. On the contrary, in Myanmar, owe to the military regime which was standing for a very long time treated education for civilians as relatively unimportant. It was only concerned with the development of military universities.The effects of this approach can be seen even today with the low enrollment rates.According to the Bertelsmann Stiftung Transformation Index report of 2012, since the government does not provide enough coin to the schools, and the schools charge children many fees, many parents in rural areas cannot afford to send their children to school beyond the primary level. Although 85% of children attend primary school, over 40% do not go on to middle school (UNDP, 2010). The quality of higher-level education has also declined, especially since the government began encouraging university students to take distance-learning courses.Employment on the secondary and the tertiary sector is to a large extent dependent on school and high school education. The Secondary enrollment rate is 54.28% which is not very remarkable as this means fewer batch will enter business and management and other vocations like medicine.The funds allocated for education spending are 0.8% of Myanmars GDP in 2013. It has decreased compared to 2009 when it was about 1% of GDP. Throughout all years however, the military budget continues to remain above 20% which is a clear indicator of the fact that the long standing re gime has complete control and dominance over how the government in power decides to allocate its funds.Military medical and engineering universities have been established so that the military will have properly happy doctors and engineers.The military has hardly expressed any inte stand-in in expend in Research and Development. It almost never heeds to or approaches any technocrat for advice with date to policy-making. Thus everything undertaken is military oriented and favourable to the army divisions on all accounts.In recent years however, the no. of one-on-one school allowed to overt has increased and trends show that the elite class have enrolled their children in private schools due to the poor quality of public schools.Class structures and Gender inequalityIn Myanmar, the gender gap in power has been reinforced and perpetuated by the long history of militarization. Top offices are reserved for the military. Active military service does not admit women. They are also thu s efficaciously excluded from political participation. Ethnic minorities are also excluded to a very large extent. Women have also been ineligible for the employment opportunities, access to educational facilities, materialize to enter the business world, participating in joint ventures created by the military status.Pre 1962, there was a humbled elite concentrated in government administration, party bureaucracy and the military on the one hand, while the peasants, small traders, business and hired laborers were on the other hand. In between the two now, is a very small group of middle-class people and competent workers.Accordingly, the primary problem is Myanmars class structure which appears to be in a subject of extensive flowing. The need of bridging the gap between the elites and the rest of the population and facilitate communication could be achieved by a more institutionalized differentiation of the sub-elite strata. The non congruent status groups could be capable of armed service as intermediaries between the elites and the more sophisticated, differentiated population.Living Standards70% of Myanmars population yet lives in the rural areas. The rate of urbanization is that 2.49%.According to reports, the trend of expenditure across is households is, 70% on food and the rest on healthcare and education. The rate of savings is low thus the rate of investments is also low.Despite Myanmar being a large producer of rice, it comes as a surprise that more than 5 million people are living under the food poverty line. (The Food and uncouth Organization, 2009)Access to clean drinking water and a considerably gibe rate of sanitation facilities cannot suffice the development path of an economy. The area tapped by electricity does not cover even half the inhabited land. Since the factories and industrial places cannot operate without electricity, it is safe to assume that the number of household covered in this 47% is going to be far less.Banking, Forei gn Borrowings, ExportsAccording to the inheritance Foundations 2011 sparing Freedom index, Myanmar is one of the worlds 10 most repressive economies. In 2003, the rice market was officially liberalised but the government has maintained significant interventions and restrictions in terms of allowable cultivation areas, production, transportation, export policy, and choice of crops.Currency convertibility is difficult in Myanmar according to the IMF report. The official exchange rate has been fixed at approximately sise kyat per U.S. dollar, while since 2009, the real market exchange rate has been around guanine kyat. In the domestic market, since market leaders are in accordance of rights with the military and a handful of cronies, there is no market contestability at the level of large enterprises. Although the environment for middle-sized businesses shows better market contestability, market penetration barriers for companies are still huge.Myanmar has been a World Trade Orga nization (WTO) segment since 1995, foreign trade has not been liberalized in reality, because of its extensively controlled economy. The country is the least(prenominal) open to trade among its Southeast Asian neighbours. Myanmar also has a large in imposing trade in arms, narcotics and forest products.The banking system are dominated by state owned banks and the government has complete control over the profound bank. There is no proper capital market although the number of private banks is more than a dozen. Myanmar is unable to establish a commonplace market, and has no real market for bonds.Although banks in Myanmar operate under formal regulations, but with hardly any supervision and enforcement. The banking system is not transparent.The central bank has not enforced a consistent and effective pomposity control policy, or an appropriate foreign exchange policy. Since the Central banks is wholly controlled by the government, it has imposed arbitrary policies such as printin g money to solve budget deficits, leading to fluctuating inflation rates. The government has also made arbitrary decisions such as to increase salaries sharply and draw patronage subsidies.Myanmar lacks consistent and sound pecuniary and debt policies to support macroeconomic stability. Instead, its arbitrary fiscal and debt policies are motivated primarily by political concerns.Private attributeIn Myanmar, there is no effective protection of property rights, including talented property rights. According to the 2008 constitution, the state ultimately owns all the land and natural resources, although it permits some exercise of private property rights. This means that citizens can own land, but that the state can confiscate the property if it so desires. In fact, most ordinary people do not have intelligent title to their land and other property. The state has confiscated many private plots for government projects, including the establishment of military camps and businesses, wi thout providing compensation.To attract foreign investment, special economic regulate laws include protection for foreign investors, but these are still conditional to the extent that they may not contradict existing laws. This gives leeway for the state to intervene. A wave of privatization of state assets and enterprises was performed suddenly in 2009 2010, and was not do in accordance with market principles. The process was neither transparent nor competitive, since the government sold the assets very quietly and quickly to a handful of enterprises with culture military ties.Myanmar has no official social safety nets, and poverty is widespread. However, family members, friends and sacred organizations have traditionally provided a social safety-net function, especially in terms of helping with food, clothing and accommodation, although widespread poverty and the paucity of job opportunities in the country has weakened this over time. As a result, tens of thousands of young a nd old Myanmar have travelled to bordering countries including Thailand, Malaysia, China and India to work as migrant labourers. found on statistics from reports, many send remittances back to their family members, a factor more and more becoming a primary source of financial support for those leftover inside the country. However, the amount of remittances seems to have gone down in 2009 in the wake of the global economic slowdown, during which some migrant workers lost their jobs and went back home.Political factors which lead to migrants leaving their state of origin for other countries are the risk of persecution, suppression of rights, human rights abuses, political and/or ethnic oppression, familiar violence and/or armed conflict are considered political factors.Those deemed as political migrants are often considered refugees. Economic factors include the following transnational labour migration movements triggered by economic factors such as poverty andEconomic underdevel opment in countries of origin and the existence of considerable discrepanciesin standards of living and return between these countries and receivingMany Burmese migrants quote economic hardship and an heavy taxation system asreasons for migration.